UA & FECAL Flashcards
Why should you read a fecal as soon as possible
Letting it sit for too long may alter the appearance of eggs and oocysts,because they will continue to develop
What are the ways you can collect a fecal
Post defecation. Gloved finger, fecal loop
How much feces do you need to collect for a sample
1 gram from various areas of the sample
How can you test for ectoparasites
Skin scraping or tape test
What does tape test look for
Lice and mites
What does a skin scrape primarily test for
Mange mites
What should you always examine first on a fecal sample
Gross examination. Color, presence of blood or mucus, consistency, foreign bodies, adult parasites
What are different types of fecal tests
Direct smear, fecal flotation, centrifugal floatation, fecal sedimentation, giardia PCR
What are the advantages and disadvantages to a fecal smear
Advantages: simple, minimal equipment required, allows for visualization of giardia
Disadvantages: must be performed in conjunction with other tests, can confuse debris for parasites
How do you perform a fecal smear
Place a drop of saline on the slide, take a wooden applicator stick and mix a small amount of feces with the saline, apply a cover slip
How do fecal floatation work
It is based on the specific gravity of life cycle stages of parasites.nfecal floats have a higher specific gravity than common ova
What can you not test for on a fecal float
Fluke eggs. They have a higher specific gravity and sink
What are the advantages of centrifugal float vs traditional float
It’s more sensitive and recovers more eggs and cysts in less time
What is fecal sedimentation used for
Fluke ova, when ova are too large to be seen with standard floatation
What is cellophane tape preparation for fecal used for
Recover pinworm and tapeworm ova from the anus
What test looks for dirofilaria
Modified knotts test
How much urine should a healthy pet produce
1ml/kg/hour
What two hormones influence urine volume
ADH0& Aldosterone
What is the term for decreased urine production
Oliguria
What is the term for increased urine production
Polyuria
What is the term for no urine production
Anuria
What are the four ways to collect a urine sample
Free catch, bladder expression, cysto, catheter
When should you analyze a urine sample
Immediately (30 min - 1hr)
What can refrigeration effect on a urine sample
Specific gravity. Can also cause crystal formation
How long can urine be refrigerated
6-12 hours
What are the 3 parts to urinalysis
Physical examination. Chemical examination, microscopic examination
What non disease factors can influence urine output
Environmental temperature and humidity, level of excessive, size of animal, fluid intake
What is PU/PD and when can it occur
Polyuria/polydipsia. Diabetes, corticosteroids. If fluids are given
What is normal urine color
Light yellow - light amber
What does colorless urine mean
Low specific gravity, common in polyuria
What does dark yellow - yellow brown urine mean
High usg. Oliguria
What does brown urine mean
Myoglobin in urine. Indicative of muscle breakdown
What does red - red brown urine mean
RBC or hemoglobin
Which species have cloudy urine normally
Horses and rabbits
What does cloudy urine mean
Large particles and significant amounts of sediment in the sample
What does a turbid urine sample mean
Can’t read through the sample at all
What does a flocculent urine sample mean
Suspended particles large enough to be seen by the naked eye
What does USG tell us
Hydration status, the kidneys ability to concentrate urine
What can increase USG
Decreased fluid intake, increased fluid loss (panting, diarrhea), dehydration
What can decrease USG
Increased fluid intake, diabetes, pyometra
Normal dog USG range
1.015-1.045
Normal cat USG
1.020-1.040
What is chemical evaluation of urine
Reagent stick
T/F herbivore have more alkaline urine pH, while carnivores have more acidic
True
T/F protein is usually absent in urine
True
What does it mean if glucose is found in the urine
Renal threshold for glucose is exceeded and tubules cannot reabsorb it all.
What does ketonuria indicate and when can you find it
Deficient carbohydrate metabolism. Persistent fever, high fat diets, prolonged fasting or starvation
T/F small amounts of bilirubin are normal in dogs and cattle
True
T/F a small amount of RBC and leukocytes are normal in a urine sediment
True
What type of cell is common in a voided or catheterized sample
Squamous epithelial
What can large numbers of transitional epithelial cells be indicative of
Infection, inflammation, chemical irritation, abrasions from catheterization
What are urine casts
Cylindrical molds formed within the renal tubules
Struvite crystals
Coffin lids. Alkaline - slightly acidic urine
Calcium oxalate
Acidic and neutral urine. Dumbbell shaped or small square with an X
Uric acid
Yellow or yellow brown. Diamond or rhomboid shaped
What are urolths
Stones
What can uroliths cause
Blockage, urethral obstruction, inflammation in the bladder
What is the therapy for uroliths
Possible to dissolve with diet. Removal. Dietary prevention
