UA Flashcards
UA is an indicator of what?
Important indicator of health
UA can screen and detect?
- Renal function/disorder
- Endocrine or metabolic function/disorder
- UTI
- Systemic diseases
What kind of test is a UA?
Cost effective in-vitro diagnostic test
2 types of urine collection?
Instrumented and Non instrumented
Non instrument urine collection types
- First morning void
- Random urine specimen
- Clean Catch
- 24 hour
Instrumented urine collection types
- Urethral catheterization
- Suprapubic needle aspiration
- Catheterization and Bladder irrigation
When should fresh urine be analyzed?
Within 1-2 hours
If unable to test fresh urine immediately, what should you do?
Refrigerate for 3-6hours
What increases the pH of urine?
Urea splitting bacteria produces ammonia which combine with hydrogen ions
Which urine collection method is most concentrated and recommended for chemical and microscopic examination?
First morning void
Which urine specimen collection method is most convenient and common but not as sensitive as first morning void?
Random urine
Which urine specimen collection method is for bacterial cultures?
Clean catch urine
When can you perform urine cultures?
12 hours after collection if specimen was refrigerated
Which urine collection method gives quantitative results and may need preservative?
24 hour collection
What urine collection method should be used on obese patients?
Urethral catheterization
What is the urine collection method for infants and young children?
Suprapubic needle aspiration
Where do you insert the needle for suprapubic needle aspiration?
Directly into distended bladder
Which urine collection method avoids vaginal and urethral contamination?
Suprapubic needle aspiration
How much saline is inserted into the bladder during irrigation?
50-72ml
What study is conducted with contents after bladder irrigation
Cytologic study
What are the 3 elements of urine analysis?
Physical
Chemical
Microscopic
What is the normal volume of 24 hour urine?
600-2000ml, average 1500ml
What directly influences amount of urine in a 24 hour period?
- Fluid intake
- Temperature and climate
- Perspiration that occurs
What is the pigment in urine called?
Urochrome
What is normal urine color described?
Straw (light yellow) to dark amber
What causes urine to be blue?
Methylene blue
What causes urine to be dark orange?
Pyridium
What causes urine to be milky white?
Chyle
What causes urine to be olive green to brown black?
Phenols
What causes urine to be yellow to brown (or green when shaken)
Bile
What causes urine to be red or red-brown (smoky appearance)
Blood
What is normal turbidity of urine?
Clear
What is turbid alkaline due to?
Amorphous phosphate
Amorphous carbonate
What causes pinkish turbidity?
Urates
Urine that has been standing for a long time develops ammonia odor due to what?
Breakdown of urea by bacteria
Maple syrup urine odor cause?
Maple syrup urine disease
Musty mousy urine odor cause?
Infant with phenylketonuria
Sweaty feet urine odor cause?
Butyric or hexanoic acid
Specific gravity of random urine
1.003-1.035
Specific gravity of 24 hour urine
1.015-1.025
Blood glucose will be at what level when glucosuria occurs?
160-180mg/dL
Glucose in the urine indicates?
DM or other causes of hyperglycemia
What is ketonuria?
Presence of ketones in urine as a result of incomplete fatty acid utilization
Ketonuria is an indicator of?
DM
Causes of ketones in urine?
- decrease in utilization of carbs (DM)
- Keto diet ( high fat, low carb)
- Eclampsia
Occult blood in urine is called?
Hematuria
Bilirubin in urine is caused by?
Any condition that causes jaundice
Urobilinogen is present in urine in what concentration?
1 EU or less
Increase in urobilinogen indicates what?
Liver or hemolytic disease
What is the normal pH of urine?
4.6-8.0, averages around 6
UTIs cause by what may cause alkaline urine?
Proteus and pseudomonas
Protein in urine is an indicator of what disease?
Renal disease
