POC tests Flashcards
What is malaria caused by?
Protozoan organisms form bite of a female anopheles mosquito
What is the malaria parasite called?
Plasmodian
What is injected when a female anopheles mosquito bites a human?
Sporozoites
Sporozoites enter cells of which organ
Parenchymal cells of liver
Development of Sporozoites in liver is called?
Pre-erythrocytic cycle
Further development of Sporozoites after RBC invasion in liver is called?
Exo-erythrocytic cycle
Sporozoites rupture liver parenchymal cells releasing what and invade what?
Merozoites and invade RBCs
Merozoites develop and become?
Trophozoites
Trophozoites feed on what in RBCs?
Hgb
What is the malarial pigment composed of?
Hematin and protein
Increased levels of Trophozoites are responsible for what?
Symptomatic reactions (fever)
Mature Trophozoites develop into?
Schizonts
When RBC ruptures it releases?
Merozoites which restarts the process at the liver
Ingestion of gametocytes by mosquito begins what?
Sexual reproduction of zygote
Zygote penetrates what part of the mosquito and forms?
Mid gut wall of mosquito forming oocyst
After oocyst matures, what forms?
Sporozoites
Where do newly formed sporozoites go to be injected?
Salivary glands
What are the 4 types of common malaria found in humans?
Plasmodium Falciparum
Plasmodium Vivax
Plasmodium Ovale
Plasmodium Malariae
What is the erythrocytic cycle of plasmodium falciparum?
Malignant tertian (fever every 48 hours or every 2nd day)
Which types of malaria have a benign tertian erythrocytic cycle?
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium Ovale
What is the erythrocytic cycle of plasmodium malariae?
Benign quartan
What do you use to collect samples of malaria testing?
Capillary tube or purple top
How long can venous blood be stored for malaria testing?
3 days at 2-30C(36-86F)
If sample is refrigerated for malaria testing, what temp should it come up to prior to testing?
Room temperature (15-30C)
How much sample should be on the sample pad for malaria testing?
Sample pad should be saturated or 15uL
How much of Reagent A be used for malaria testing?
2 drops, allowing for abortion of first drop prior to second
Before mixture reaches top of malaria test strip, add how many drops reagent to wash pad?
4 additional drops
What should you do when mixture reaches top of malaria test strip?
Remove adhesive and close kit
When should malaria test be read?
After 15 minutes
In order for malaria test to be valid, what must appear?
āCā control line must appear
T1 result in malaria test is?
Positive for plasmodium Falciparum
T2 result in malaria test is?
Positive for plasmodium vivax, malariae or ovale
T1 and T2 result in malaria test is?
Positive for plasmodium falciparum and mixed infection
What should the patient be when samples are taken for malaria testing?
Febrile
Malaria rapid test kits detect what?
Antigens
How are rapid malaria test kits confirmed?
Thick and thin smear sent to NEPMU
False positive malaria results are a result of which conditions?
Rheumatoid arthritis
Chronic viral infections (HEP C)
Other blood parasites (Babesia)
What is influenza?
Highly contagious, acute, viral infection of respiratory tract
How is influenza transmitted?
Aerosolized droplets
What is more common and more serious?
Influenza A
When is influenza dx best?
First 2-3 days
Benefits on influenza testing
Enable appropriate treatment
Facilitate prompt treatment
Some antivirals only effective within 48 hours of onset
Reduce costs of ancillary diagnostics
Reduce healthcare costs
Decrease unnecessary antibiotic use
How many times should swab to be tested be rotated in influenza testing vial?
3 times
How should you remove swab from vial in influenza testing
Rub against side of vial and discard
When should you test liquid from sample in influenza testing?
ASAP
How much sample should be pipetted on the middle of influenza test pad?
Entire contents of pipette (100uL)
When should you read the results of influenza test?
15 minutes
Flu A positive looks?
Blue control line turns pink-purple and second pink to purple line in middle third row of window
Flu B positive looks?
Blue control line turns pink-purple and second pink to purple line appears in top third of window
What if control line in influenza test is not present at all?
Invalid test
Repeat invalid influenza tests should contact who?
Technical service
False positive influenza test may occur when?
Prevalence is low (beginning and end of season)
False negative influenza test may occur when?
Prevalence is high (height of season)
What should be considered in conjunction with influenza tests for dx?
Clinical findings
