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BIO 12 bitch ass > U7 - circulatory system > Flashcards

U7 - circulatory system Flashcards

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1
Q

Circulatory system

A
  • delivers oxygen and nutrients to body cells
  • remove carbon dioxide and other waste products
  • circulates cells of the immune system
  • closed system
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2
Q

arteries

A
  • blood flows out of the heart into the arteries
  • walls are thick and elastic: contain a layer of muscle
  • carry blood from heart to tissues
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3
Q

Arterioles

A
  • small arteries branch into arioles
  • small ver of arteries: muscle walls
  • carry blood from arteries to cappillaries
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4
Q

Capillaries

A
  • arterioles lead to networks of capillaries
  • narrow vessels to fit single blood cells
  • thin walls, only a cell layer
  • carry blood from arterioles to venules within the tissues
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5
Q

Venules

A
  • cappillary beds drain into venules
  • walls are thin because they contain less muscle then arterioles
  • carry blood from capillaries to veins
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6
Q

Veins

A
  • many venules drain into a larger vein
  • contain less muscle then arteries
  • contain valves
  • carry blood from venules to heart
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7
Q

Portal systems

A
  • portal veins are special vessels that carry blood between capillary beds
  • have thin walls and valves like veins
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8
Q

Heart

A
  • muscle is involuntary
  • heart cells contract on their own
  • two pumps, right (lungs), left (body)
  • each pump made of two chambers atrium, and ventricle
  • septum divides them
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9
Q

Right side of the heart

A
  • venous blood returns
  • anterior, posterior vena cava connect to right atrium
  • blood is pumped out of right ventricle into pulmonary trunk which splits into right and left pulmonary arteries
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10
Q

Left side of the heart

A
  • blood returns from lungs
  • right, left pulmonary veins connect to the left atrium
  • blood is pumped out of left ventricle into aorta
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11
Q

AV valves

A
  • prevent back flow from ventricles to atria
  • valves open when atria contracts
  • when ventricle contracts valves close
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12
Q

semi lunar valves

A
  • prevent back flow from aorta and pulmonary trunk into ventricles
  • open when ventricles contract
  • close when ventricles relax
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13
Q

external anatomy

A
  • on the front and sides of the heart are
    vessels which give it a rich blood supply

blood flows to both sides of the heart through
right and left coronary arteries, and drains
into the right and left coronary veins

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14
Q

Pulmonary vs systematic circulation

A

-pulmonary: venous blood is pumped into right side to lungs release CO2 and pick up O2
-systematic: – oxygenated blood is
pumped from the left side to the body
tissues to release O2 and pick up CO2

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15
Q

path of blood cells

A 
aorta → body → vena cava → R atrium →
right AV valve → R ventricle → pulmonary
semi-lunar valve → pulmonary artery →
lungs → pulmonary vein → L atrium →
left AV valve → L ventricle → aortic
semi-lunar valve → aorta
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16
Q

heartbeat is coordinated to three special nerve regions

A

sinoatrial (SA) node – in the upper wall of
the right atrium; sets the rhythm, causes
atria to contract, and stimulates AV node

atrioventricular (AV) node – in the base of
the right atrium, delays signal slightly before
stimulating Purkinje fibers

Purkinje fibers – within the septum and the
ventricles, cause ventricle contraction

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17
Q

sequence of heartbeat

A

SA node begins heartbeat signal every 0.85
seconds (~70 per minute), causing atria to
contract

when this signal reaches the AV node it is
slightly delayed for the atria to empty

signal passes into Purkinje fibers, which
cause the ventricles to contract from the
bottom to the top

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18
Q

blood pressure in lungs

A

systolic – higher pressure caused by heart
contraction

diastolic – lower pressure caused by heart
relaxation (and artery elasticity)

normal B.P. = 120/80 (systolic/diastolic)

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19
Q

abnormal blood pressure

A

hypertension – blood pressure is too high

systolic > 140 or diastolic > 90

caused by many factors: obesity, excessive salt,
and genetics

hypotension – blood pressure is too low

systolic < 90 or diastolic < 60

caused by low blood volume, weak heart
contraction and dilation of the blood vessels

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20
Q

Measurement of arm blood pressure

A

blood pressure is measured by an inflatable
cuff around the arm

when the pressure in the cuff matches
systolic pressure, blood supply is cut off

the cuff is then deflated until blood begins
flowing again, this is the diastolic pressure

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21
Q

major arteries

A

aorta – carries blood from the left ventricle
to the rest of the body

L+ R coronary arteries – carry blood from
the aorta to the sides of the heart

L+R carotids – carry blood from the aorta
to the sides of the head

L+R subclavians – carry blood from the aorta to arms

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22
Q

major arteries

A

mesenteric – carries blood from the aorta
to the organs of the digestive system

L+R renal – carry blood from the aorta to
the kidneys

L+R iliac – carry blood from the aorta to the
legs

L+R pulmonary – carry blood from the right
ventricle to the sides of the lungs

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23
Q

major veins

A

L+R jugular – carry blood from the sides of
the head to the subclavian vein

L+R subclavian – carry blood from the
arms to the anterior vena cava

L+R coronary – carry blood from the sides
of the heart to the vena cava

A+P vena cava – carry blood from the head
and arms (anterior) and lower body
(posterior) to the right atrium of the heart

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24
Q

major veins

A

L+R iliac – carry blood from the legs to the
posterior vena cava

L+R renal – carry blood from the kidneys to
the posterior vena cava

hepatic – carry blood from the liver to the
posterior vena cava

hepatic portal – carry blood from the small
intestine to the liver

pulmonary – carry blood from the lungs to
the left atrium

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25
Q

Arteries blood flow

A
  • bp is highest in aorta
  • ## total cross sectional area of arterioles is greater than arteries, and the BP decreases
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26
Q

Capillaries blood flow

A
  • huge TCA, blood pressure and velocity plummet

- gives time for nutrients to be exchanged

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27
Q

Vein blood flow

A
  • blood returns to TCA, and Bp increases

-

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28
Q

short term blood pressure control

A
  • blood pressure is controlled by the autonomic nervous system
  • if Bp is too low, muscles in arteries contract and decrease internal diameter of the vessel
  • BP is too high, muscles in arteries relax and diameter increases
29
Q

long term blood pressure control

A
  • altering blood volume
  • ## blood volume and blood pressure increase
30
Q

Capillaries tissue-fluid exchange

A
  • capillaries are location of exchange between blood and tissue fluid
  • nutrients, oxygen diffuse from blood to tissue fluid
  • wastes and carbon dioxide diffuse from tissue fluids into the blood
  • fluid enters and leaves the blood due to balance between osmotic and blood pressure
31
Q

Lymphatic system

A
  • not all fluids are absorbed on venue side
  • throughout capillaries are extensions of lympathic system called lymph capillaries
  • walls of lymph capillaries have holes and catch lymph in them
32
Q

Lymphatic system functions

A
  • collect excess tissues from fluid and return to blood
  • pick packaged lipids from intestinal villi and carry them to the blood
  • works with immune system to fight off infection
33
Q

Lymph Cappilarries

A
  • tiny vessels with closed ends, found throughout cappilarory beds
  • walls are very thin and have lots of gaps
34
Q

Lymph Veins

A

-lymph capillaries join to form larger lymph veins
- collect in two large ducts that drain into the right and left subclavian veins
-

35
Q

Lymph nodes

A
  • small swellings along the lymph vein
  • each node is divided into lobes which are filed with immune cells
  • lymph is cleaned by immune cells in node
36
Q

Immunity

A
  • physical barriers: skin and mucous membranes mechanically prevent entry
  • non specific: white blood cells that target foreign objects and consume them through phagocytosis
  • specific: white blood cells designed to fight certain kinds of pathogens
37
Q

antigens

A

any molecule, usually protein or carbohydrate, that causes an immune response

38
Q

antibody

A
  • y shaped proteins that bind to specific antigens, produced in membranes of specific immune cells
  • immune system remembers and continues to produce them
39
Q

function of blood

A
  • supply nutrients to tissues (oxygen, glucose, amino acids, etc)
  • remove waste from tissues
  • carries immune systems, blood clotting agents, hormones
40
Q

Composition of blood

A
  1. Plasma (55%)
    - 92% water - maintain blood volume, dissolves remaining components
    - 7% proteins
    - 1% dissolved gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, vitamins.
  2. Cells (45%)
    - red blood cells - 4,6 Milly
    - white blood cells - 5,000-10,000
    - platelets - 150,000 to 300,000
41
Q

Formation of blood cells

A
  • created in marrow of your bones
  • stem cells in marrow are capable of turning into different blood types
  • one kind of stem cell develops into red blood cells, platelets, and non specific white blood cells
  • another kind develops into white blood cells of immune systems
42
Q

Red blood cells

A
  • cells that contain haemogobling to contain 02 and CO2
  • lack nucleus and organelles
  • shape is biconcave disk, allows them to move easily through capillaries and increase general surface area
  • live for four months, then are consumed by heme groups and excreted as bile pigments
43
Q

white blood cells

A
  • responsible for non and specific immunity

- have nucleus and lack haemogoblin

44
Q

platelets

A
  • cell fragments involved in blood clotting
  • when blood vessel is damaged, platelets pile up in a hole and release chemicals that activate clotting enzymes in plasma
  • long protein threads form, trapping RBC and platelets in clot
45
Q

Fetal circulation

A
  • lungs are filled with fluid and don’t function
  • blood is carried in the umbilical chord to the placenta, where fetal capillaries are bathed in the mothers blood
  • gases, waste, and nutrients are exchanged, and blood returns to fetus back through umbilical chord
46
Q

Umbilical vein and arteries

A

umbilical cord contains three blood vessels

  • umbilical vein - brings oxygen and nutrients back to the fetus from the placenta
  • umbilical arteries - branches of the lilac arteries, carrying deoxygenated blood and waste to the placenta
47
Q

Oval opening fetus

A
  • opening between right and left atria in heart
  • allows oxenegated blood from umbilical vein to bypass pulmonary circulation and go straight into the systemic
  • normally closes before birth
48
Q

venous and arterial ducts

A

provide quicker path for blood from umbilical vein to body

  1. venous ducts - connect umbilical vein to posterior vena cava, bypassing liver
  2. arterial ducts - connect pulmonary artery with aorta, allowing oxynegated blood to bypass lungs and left side of the heart
49
Q

Five types of blood vessels found in the body

A

Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules, and Veins.

50
Q

structure of arteries and arterioles

A

Arteries: -blood out of the heart goes into arteries
- they have thin and elastic walls, a layer of muscles
- carry blood to tissues
Arterioles: - smaller ver of arteries
- carry blood from arteries to capillaries

51
Q

Structure of Veins and Venules

A 
Veins: - thin walls 
- valves 
- carries blood to heart 
Venules: - thin walls 
- carry blood from capillaries to veins
52
Q

Function of valves in veins?

A

To prevent blood from flowing back down the vessel

53
Q

Function of left and right atria

A
  • Deoxynegated blood enters the right atria through anterior and posterior vena cava. Oxygen rich blood from the lungs enters left atrium through pulmonary vein.
54
Q

Function of left and right ventricles?

A

Blood is pumped out of left ventricle into aorta.

Blood is pumped out of right ventricle into pulmonary trunks.

55
Q

why is left ventricle more muscular?

A

higher forces needed to pump blood through the systemic circuit (around the body) compared to the pulmonary circuit.

56
Q

Function of coronary arteries and veins?

A

Blood flows to both side of the heart through coronary arteries. Blood drains into left and right coronary veins.

57
Q

What is role of anterior and posterior vena cava

A

vein that carries de-oxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium of the heart.

58
Q

Biggest artery connected to the heart

A

aorta, from the heart’s left ventricle.

59
Q

Name the valves found in the heart, where in the heart are they located?

A

Atrioventrical valves are between atria and ventricles.

Semi-lunar valves prevent back flow from aorta and pulmonary trunk

60
Q

What are chord tendinae

A

tendons that prevent AV valves from collapsing outward

61
Q

Location of hepatic portal vein?

A

carries blood from small intestine to the liver, located between the two

62
Q

Where are SA and AV node located?

A

AV node is between the ventricles, and SA node is between the atriums

63
Q

average systolic and diastolic blood pressures?

A

systolic - 120

diastolic - 80

64
Q

why is BP and BV being low in capillaries and advantage

A

Fluid can leave and enter blood because of the balance between osmotic and blood pressure

65
Q

what is Bp and Op at the capillaries

A

BP - due to large TCA of capillaries blood pressure drops, it moves out of the blood
OP - blood is hypertonic, it moves into the blood

66
Q

BP and OP at arteriolar end of capillaries

A 
BP = 30 mmHg out
OP = 21mmHg in
67
Q

BP and OP at venue end of capillaries

A 
BP = 15 mmHg out 
OP = 21 mmHg in
68
Q

Why is BP and OP different at two ends of the capillaries

A
  • BP is higher at the arteriolar end because it is where the fluid moves into the tissue
  • OP is higher at the venue side because the fluid moves back into blood
69
Q

how is lymph moved in lymph system?

A

collected by lymph capillaries and move through lymph vessels and veins

BIO 12 bitch ass (8 decks)

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