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BIO 12 bitch ass > U3 DNA protein synthesis > Flashcards

U3 DNA protein synthesis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is replication?

A
  • copy DNA by pulling strands apart, create new complementary strand for each single strand
  • must occur before cell division
  • occurs during interphase of cell cycle
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2
Q

What is the first step of DNA replication?

A
  1. enzyme helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds and unwinds the double helix forming two parental strands
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3
Q

What is the second step of DNA replication?

A
  1. enzyme DNA polymerase matches free nucleotides to their complementary bases, forming new daughter strands
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4
Q

What is the third step of DNA replication?

A
  1. DNA polymerase bonds nucleotides together, forming two identical copies of the original double helix
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5
Q

what is semi-conservation?

A
  • each new DNA molecule is half daughter strand half parental strand
  • each old strand serves as a template for a new complementary strand
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6
Q

Recombinant DNA?

A

synthetic DNA created by combining DNA from other organism

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7
Q

3 practical uses of recombinant DNA?

A
  • insert human genes into bacteria to mass produce useful molecules (insulin)
  • insert pest resistance into crops
  • inserting genes into animals yo make them grow larger, or produce drugs in their milk
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8
Q

What is protein synthesis?

A
  • sequence of DNA that codes for synthetic protein

- protein synthesis occurs in, and out of the nucleus. RNA carries info from the DNA to the ribosomes

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9
Q

order of steps in protein synthesis?

A

DNA-transcription-mRNA-translation-PROTEIN

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10
Q

What are the two processes DNA must undergo to be converted into a protein?

A

transcription-DNA is copied into mRNA in the nucleus

translation-mRNA instructions are “read” to form protein at the ribosome

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11
Q

What three streps follow the process of transcription, and translation?

A

initiation, elongation, termination

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12
Q

Explain the steps of Transcription

A
  1. initiation-enzyme RNA polymerase unzips the double helix and attaches to a region at the start of the gene
  2. elongation-RNA polymerase matches complementary RNA nucleotides to the template strand, forming mRNA
  3. termination-RNA polymerase reaches region at the end of gene, stops transcribing and the mRNA strand is released
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13
Q

what is mRNA? messenger RNA

A
  • carries gene information out of the nucleus to the ribosome
  • made up of codons (triplets of three bases)
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14
Q

what is a codon?

A
  • sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides

- corresponds to a specific amino acid

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15
Q

start codon and stop codons?

A
  • AUG (start codon, amino acid methionine)

- UAA, UAG, UGA (stop codon, stops translation)

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16
Q

what is tRNA? transfer RNA

A
  • 75, 80 nucleotides or RNA forming t shape
  • amino acid attached to the top
  • bottom of the t is an anti codon complementary to mRNA codon
  • tRNA anticodon hydrogen bonds to codon during translation
17
Q

what is rRNA? ribosomal RNA

A
  • 100 to 3000 RNA nucleotides
  • 4 rRNA molecules (3 in large subunit, 1 in the small)
  • two subunits fit together, their shape holding an mRNA strand between them
  • large subunit has two sites into which molecules of tRNA fit
18
Q

What is the first step of translation?

A
  1. initiation - the first tRNA (methionine) binds to the start codon of the mRNA strand
    - large and small subunits of the ribosome bind themselves together
    - the tRNA occupies the first two binding sites on a large subunit
19
Q

What is the second step of translation?

A
  1. elongation- another tRNA enters the second binding site
    - ribosome catalyses the peptides bond between the amino acids on the tRNAs
    - ribosome shifts forward one codon so that the second tRNA is now in the first binding site
    - process continues with another tRNA, the ribosome shifts forward
20
Q

What is the third step of translation?

A
  1. termination - elongation continues until a stop codon on the mRNA is reached
    - ribosome units break apart, releasing final tRNA and finished polypeptide
21
Q

what is mutation?

A
  • any change to the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule
  • those that add/remove/substitute bases are called gene mutations
  • when major chunks of DNA change they are called chromosome mutations
22
Q

What are mutagens?

A

physical or chemical agent that causes genetic mutation

23
Q

what are environmental mutagens?

A

natural factors that cause mutations

24
Q

name three environmental mutagens

A
  • radiation (UV rays, X rays)
  • viruses
  • organic chemicals (benzene, or mustard gas)
25
Q

Cancer?

A
  • caused by cells with uncontrolled growth that spread and invade other tissues
  • mutations effect cell division
  • can be caused by carcinogens, mustagens
26
Q

Genetic Disorders?

A
  • mutations which are passed on to offspring can cause diseases
  • result from gene mutations (cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia)
  • result from chromosome mutations (Down syndrome)
27
Q

How many mRNA codons can be in a ribosome at any one time?

A

2

28
Q

When amino acids are brought together at the ribosome, they are joined by a?

A

peptide bond

29
Q

How does a DNA mutation affect protein synthesis?

A

DNA mutations change the sequence of bases on the DNA strand, which changes the resulting mRNA strand, which has the potential to change the sequence of
amino acids in the protein.

30
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

-a circular, self-replicating DNA molecule which can be contained in a bacterial host cell without interfering with the function of the bacterial
chromosome.

31
Q

why is Cacl2 used in the lab?

A

The transformation protocol in this lab uses a chemical,
calcium chloride (CaCl2), plus heat
-increase the efficiency of DNA uptake by the bacterial cell.

32
Q

what is the bla gene in the plasmid?

A

-allows bacteria to survive in an environment of ampicillin

33
Q

what is the ara C gene in the plasmid?

A

-in presence of sugar arabinose produces a protein that will turn on the GFP gene

34
Q

what is the. GFP gene in the plasmid?

A

-when turned on will produce green fluorescence protein that will glow green in the presence of the UV light

BIO 12 bitch ass (8 decks)

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