U6: Test Review Flashcards
Children are afraid of unfamiliar people.
Stranger anxiety, takes place around 8 months of age
Piaget stage when children can perform math transformations and conservation
Concrete operational stage; ages 7-11
What areas have Piaget identified where kids can’t see other people’s perspectives
Egocentrism
When children have empathy, can view world from dif. perspectives
Theory of mind
Children see a cow and call it a moose, before learning they are called “cows”
Assimilation
Schema
A way to organize thoughts/ideas into a concept
“No, that is a cow.” Modifying the schema/new schema
Accomodation
Children learn to sit up, crawl, stand
Physical maturation
How are infants brains different compared to adults brains?
Less neural connections/synapses
Psychologists who study how people change throughout life
Developmental psychologists
Who was studying cognitive development?
Jean Piaget
Which theory was related to how children/adults develop socially
Erikson’s psychosocial development theory
Who researched monkeys?
Harlow, studied attachment
Erik Erikson’s stage of psychosocial development
Trust vs. mistrust
The first stage, which occurs from birth to one year of age. Infants learn to trust others based on the quality of their caregivers.
Autonomy versus shame and doubt
Children develop a sense of independence and self-control, and learn what’s right and wrong.
Initiative versus guilt
Children learn to explore, make decisions, and initiate activities. If they are criticized or controlled, they may develop a sense of guilt.
Industry versus inferiority
Children learn to be productive and accept evaluation of their efforts. If they are discouraged, they may feel inferior or incompetent.
Erik Erikson’s stage of psychosocial development (p2)
Intimacy versus isolation
Young adults form intimate relationships with others.
Generativity versus stagnation
Adults strive to create or nurture things, such as through parenting or contributing to the community.
Integrity versus despair
People accept the life changes they experience and assess the meaning of their contributions.
Monkeys chose which surrogate mother?
The cloth one (comfort)
What was the confounding variable?
Faces of surrogate mothers were different
Baby ducks are born and attach to first thing they see
Imprinting
Why is developmental psychologists interested in twins
See how genes are expressed, especially when reared apart (nature vs. nurture)
Babies think and object is gone when no longer visible
Object permanence
When is object permanence developed
Sensorimotor stage, 0-2 yrs old
Can’t recall memories before age 3
Infantile amnesia
Why do we have infantile amnesia
Memory centers and neural connections aren’t fully formed yet
Newborns are born with unique personalities
Temperament
Piaget’s stages
Sensorimotor (0-2 years), Preoperational (2 to 6 or 7 yrs), Concrete Operational (7-11), Formal operational (about age 12)
Babies are born primed to look at human faces
social development
Longitudinal study
Good part is similar experiences cuz same person, bad part is that it takes a long time (people might die, move out, etc.)
Cross-sectional study
Dif people can have dif experiences but it’s QUICKER
Who was interested in moral development
Kohlberg
What were Kohlberg’s stages of moral development
preconventional (based on punishment/award), convetional (follow rules of early adolescence; society rules, social norms), postconventional morality (internalizing morality which becomes your own sense of right and wrong)
Piaget: when do people develop abstract reasoning?
Formal operational stage
Preconventional
Follow rules to avoid punishment
Conventional
Follow rules for sake of rules
Post conventional
They think on their own and internalize morality
When do children develop abstract reasoning
Formal operational
What stages are adolescents
Identity vs. role confusion
Part of adolescents undeveloped brain
Frontal lobe (rational decisions)
Person who wasn’t exposed to music when young, the brain will use that part for other stuff
Neural pruning
Gender typing
deciding your gender
Expresses female and male characteristics
Androgyny
No sexual attraction
Asexual
Child clings to parents, becomes anxious when separated
Insecure attachment
People born with male and female sex organs
Intersex
Leading cause of mental disabilities (teratogen)
Fetal alchohol syndrome
What is a teratogen
Harms fetal development
Primary sexual characteristics, and secondary sexual characteristics
Needed for reproduction (penis/vagina), not needed (armpit hair)
Baby begins searching for nipple as soon as born
Rooting reflex
4 types of parenting styles
Neglect, authoritarian, authoritative, permissive
Sex vs. gender
Sex is born, gender is chosen
Sex chromosomes in men/women
Female: XX, Male: XY
