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Question 1

Calculation of Allele Frequencies

Answer 1

The percentage of a particular allele in a population

Question 2

Mutation

Answer 2

The changes in DNA are the source of new alleles in a gene pool.

Question 3

Germline mutations

Answer 3

Mutations that are inheritable as they affect gametes (sperm and egg cells) and therefore can be passed down to offspring.

Question 4

Somatic mutations

Answer 4

Mutations that occur in body cells and only affect the individual that consists it.

Question 5

Natural Selection

Answer 5

The reproduction of individuals who are well-suited to their environment and more likely to survive, passing on their strong genes.

Question 6

2 types of Selection Pressures

Answer 6

• Environmental Pressure
• Artificial Pressure

Question 7

Environmental Pressures

Answer 7

External pressures that affect individuals in a population differently.

Question 8

Genetic Diversity

Answer 8

xThe differences in individuals in terms of their phenotype.

Question 9

Reproduction

Answer 9

The differences in individuals in terms of their reproductive success.

Question 10

Survival

Answer 10

The differences in individuals in terms of their rates of living

Question 11

Adaptive Value

Answer 11

The advantage that some individuals have over others due to their strong phenotypes (known as survival of the fittest)

Question 12

Gene Flow

Answer 12

The transfer of alleles between populations.

Question 13

Genetic Drift

Answer 13

The random change in allele frequencies due to chance events. (mostly in terms of small populations)

Question 14

Founder Effect

Answer 14

The genetic isolation of a small group of individuals from a population.

Question 15

Bottleneck Effect

Answer 15

The sudden and substantial reduction in a population’s size.

Question 16

Selective Breeding

Answer 16

Humans decide which individuals may breed and leave offspring for the next generation.

Question 17

Selective Breeding in Plants

Answer 17

Take seeds from a plant with desirable traits and those seeds are planted or cross -pollinated for the new generation.

Question 18

Selective Breeding in Animals

Answer 18

Interbreeding individuals to propagate desirable traits.
- sheep for quality/quantity of wool.
- cows for milk production

Question 19

Advantages of Selective Breeding
(5 points)

Answer 19

• higher yield of goods.
• healthier products
• survival in unsuitable conditions
• more nutrients are provided
• new variation of species

Question 20

Disadvantages of Selective Breeding
(3 points)

Answer 20

• Reduces resistance to environmental changes
• Reduces biodiversity
• increases genetic abnormalities

Question 21

Gene

Answer 21

A sequence of DNA that codes for a trait/characteristic

Question 22

Alleles

Answer 22

The different variations of genes

Question 23

Genotype

Answer 23

Various combinations of alleles. The coded version of a gene.

Question 24

Phenotype

Answer 24

The observable traits. The physical appearance of a gene.

Question 25

Gene pool

Answer 25

The total number of diversity in a population. The total number of alleles in a population.

Question 26

Genetic diversity

Answer 26

the variations of genes and alleles in a population.

Question 27

Genome

Answer 27

All the genetic information in an organism.

Question 28

Polygenic trait

Answer 28

A characteristic that is influenced by two or more genes.

Question 29

Reproductive success

Answer 29

The rate at which individuals can reproduce. More reproduction = more successful.

Question 30

Biological Fitness

Answer 30

The ability for an organism to survive and reproduce healthy offspring.

Question 31

Adaptations

Answer 31

Traits that are well suited to an organisms environment.

Question 32

Evolution

Answer 32

The change in genetic composition of populations overtime.

Question 33

Species

Answer 33

a group of individuals that genetically similar enough to interbreed and produce viable offspring that are able to reproduce.

Question 34

Interbreeding

Answer 34

The reproduction between individuals that belong to the same species or closely related species.

Question 35

viable offspring

Answer 35

offspring that are fertile and able to survive and breed for the next generation.

Question 36

genetic isolation

Answer 36

occurs when alleles are no longer exchanged within populations.

Question 37

2 types of genetic isolation

Answer 37

- Prezygotic isolation (before reproduction) - Postzygotic isolation (after reproduction)

Question 38

Prezygotic isolating mechanisms