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biology > u4aos2 > Flashcards

u4aos2 Flashcards

how are species related overtime

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1
Q

Calculation of Allele Frequencies

A

The percentage of a particular allele in a population

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2
Q

Mutation

A

The changes in DNA are the source of new alleles in a gene pool.

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3
Q

Germline mutations

A

Mutations that are inheritable as they affect gametes (sperm and egg cells) and therefore can be passed down to offspring.

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4
Q

Somatic mutations

A

Mutations that occur in body cells and only affect the individual that consists it.

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5
Q

Natural Selection

A

The reproduction of individuals who are well-suited to their environment and more likely to survive, passing on their strong genes.

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6
Q

2 types of Selection Pressures

A
  • Environmental Pressure
  • Artificial Pressure
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7
Q

Environmental Pressures

A

External pressures that affect individuals in a population differently.

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8
Q

Genetic Diversity

A

xThe differences in individuals in terms of their phenotype.

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9
Q

Reproduction

A

The differences in individuals in terms of their reproductive success.

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10
Q

Survival

A

The differences in individuals in terms of their rates of living

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11
Q

Adaptive Value

A

The advantage that some individuals have over others due to their strong phenotypes (known as survival of the fittest)

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12
Q

Gene Flow

A

The transfer of alleles between populations.

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13
Q

Genetic Drift

A

The random change in allele frequencies due to chance events. (mostly in terms of small populations)

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14
Q

Founder Effect

A

The genetic isolation of a small group of individuals from a population.

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15
Q

Bottleneck Effect

A

The sudden and substantial reduction in a population’s size.

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16
Q

Selective Breeding

A

Humans decide which individuals may breed and leave offspring for the next generation.

17
Q

Selective Breeding in Plants

A

Take seeds from a plant with desirable traits and those seeds are planted or cross -pollinated for the new generation.

18
Q

Selective Breeding in Animals

A

Interbreeding individuals to propagate desirable traits.
- sheep for quality/quantity of wool.
- cows for milk production

19
Q

Advantages of Selective Breeding
(5 points)

A
  • higher yield of goods.
  • healthier products
  • survival in unsuitable conditions
  • more nutrients are provided
  • new variation of species
20
Q

Disadvantages of Selective Breeding
(3 points)

A
  • Reduces resistance to environmental changes
  • Reduces biodiversity
  • increases genetic abnormalities
21
Q

Gene

A

A sequence of DNA that codes for a trait/characteristic

22
Q

Alleles

A

The different variations of genes

23
Q

Genotype

A

Various combinations of alleles. The coded version of a gene.

24
Q

Phenotype

A

The observable traits. The physical appearance of a gene.

25
Q

Gene pool

A

The total number of diversity in a population.
The total number of alleles in a population.

26
Q

Genetic diversity

A

the variations of genes and alleles in a population.

27
Q

Genome

A

All the genetic information in an organism.

28
Q

Polygenic trait

A

A characteristic that is influenced by two or more genes.

29
Q

Reproductive success

A

The rate at which individuals can reproduce. More reproduction = more successful.

30
Q

Biological Fitness

A

The ability for an organism to survive and reproduce healthy offspring.

31
Q

Adaptations

A

Traits that are well suited to an organisms environment.

32
Q

Evolution

A

The change in genetic composition of populations overtime.

33
Q

Species

A

a group of individuals that genetically similar enough to interbreed and produce viable offspring that are able to reproduce.

34
Q

Interbreeding

A

The reproduction between individuals that belong to the same species or closely related species.

35
Q

viable offspring

A

offspring that are fertile and able to survive and breed for the next generation.

36
Q

genetic isolation

A

occurs when alleles are no longer exchanged within populations.

37
Q

2 types of genetic isolation

A
  • Prezygotic isolation (before reproduction)
  • Postzygotic isolation (after reproduction)
38
Q

Prezygotic isolating mechanisms

A

biology (10 decks)

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