3/12(2) Enzymes Flashcards
enzymes (what do they do + what are they made up of)
Enzymes are a specific type of protein that helps speed up chemical reactions. They are made of monomers of amino acids. The bonds between these amino acids are called peptide bonds, which are formed through condensation reactions.
lock and key (interaction model)
in this model:
- the enzymes are specific to their substrates, as its active site can only physically fit the substrates.
- one enzyme = one reaction
induced fit (interaction model)
in this model:
- the enzyme of subsgtrate changes their shape slighlty
Biochemical pathways and the three types.
A sequence of biochemical reactions that are activated by enymes.
The three types of pathways are:
- Linear
- Branched
- Cycles
Cellular Metabolism and the two types.
All the biochemical reactions that take place concurrently and consistently in a cell which is essential for life.
The two types of metabnolic reactions are:
- Catabolic
- Anabolic
Catabolic reactions
The reaction of larger molecules with more bonds converting into smaller molecules and releasing energy also known as being exorgonic (by breaking bonds).
Anabolic reactions
The reaction of smaller molecules and energy working together to form a larger molecule known as endorgonic (by forming bonds).
Endorgonic
A reaction that absorbs more energy in the products in comparison to its reactants. (energy is stored in the bonds)
Exorgonic
A reaction that releases energy to the environment. Reactants consists of more energy in comparison to products.
Specificity
A feature of an enzyme that binds the substrate to an active site of a specific enzyme.
Active site
Formed by tertiary folding to form a 3D shape. An active site is chemically converted into a product which are then released.
Enzyme substrate cycle
- Substrate bind to the active site of an enzyme (the complex is formed).
- Reaction/s occurs.
- The product/s are releases.
- The reaction repeats.
Lock and key model (interaction model)
Enzymes only react to their own substrates because their active site physically fit in its subtrate to look like a ‘lock and key’.
- One enzyme leads to one reaction
This model is very limited.
Activation energy
The amount of energy that is needed to break or form bond/s. All reactions have a reaction energy.
What needs to happen for a reaction to occur (enzymes)
- The enzymes
How does the factor temperature effect enzymes
Increasing the temperature speeds up the reactions between substances as it allows the molecules to move faster. However if the temperature exceeds beyond the optimum range.
What happens if the optimum temeprature is exceeded for an enzyme.
the enzyme’s rate of reaction will slow down and decrease which causes it to to denature, losing its tertiary structure and its function.
How does the factor pH effect enzymes.
pH measures the level of acidity in a substance. If the pH is out of the optimum range then the enzyme will start to denature. Different enzymes consist of different pH levels.
State two examples contrasting the pH of enzymes.
- Pepsin is an enzyme in the stomach that needs an acidic environment to help disgest the food.
- Trypsin is an enzyme in the duodenum that needs a more neutral environment.
How does the factor concentration effect enzymes.
If the number of enzymes are high and susbtrates are low, the reaction will take place over a short period of time as:
more enzyme molecules available = more active sites available for substrate to bind to.
If the number of enzymes are low and the substrates are high, the reaction will take place over a long period of time as:
few active sites = less places for substrates to bind to, they have to wait for a free active site.
What are cofactors? What are the cofactors that affect enzymes
Cofactors
