3/12(2) Enzymes

Question 1

enzymes (what do they do + what are they made up of)

Answer 1

Enzymes are a specific type of protein that helps speed up chemical reactions. They are made of monomers of amino acids. The bonds between these amino acids are called peptide bonds, which are formed through condensation reactions.

Question 2

lock and key (interaction model)

Answer 2

in this model:
- the enzymes are specific to their substrates, as its active site can only physically fit the substrates.
- one enzyme = one reaction

Question 3

induced fit (interaction model)

Answer 3

in this model:
- the enzyme of subsgtrate changes their shape slighlty

Question 4

Biochemical pathways and the three types.

Answer 4

A sequence of biochemical reactions that are activated by enymes.
The three types of pathways are:
- Linear
- Branched
- Cycles

Question 5

Cellular Metabolism and the two types.

Answer 5

All the biochemical reactions that take place concurrently and consistently in a cell which is essential for life.
The two types of metabnolic reactions are:
- Catabolic
- Anabolic

Question 6

Catabolic reactions

Answer 6

The reaction of larger molecules with more bonds converting into smaller molecules and releasing energy also known as being exorgonic (by breaking bonds).

Question 7

Anabolic reactions

Answer 7

The reaction of smaller molecules and energy working together to form a larger molecule known as endorgonic (by forming bonds).

Question 8

Endorgonic

Answer 8

A reaction that absorbs more energy in the products in comparison to its reactants. (energy is stored in the bonds)

Question 9

Exorgonic

Answer 9

A reaction that releases energy to the environment. Reactants consists of more energy in comparison to products.

Question 10

Specificity

Answer 10

A feature of an enzyme that binds the substrate to an active site of a specific enzyme.

Question 11

Active site

Answer 11

Formed by tertiary folding to form a 3D shape. An active site is chemically converted into a product which are then released.

Question 12

Enzyme substrate cycle

Answer 12

1. Substrate bind to the active site of an enzyme (the complex is formed).
2. Reaction/s occurs.
3. The product/s are releases.
4. The reaction repeats.

Question 13

Lock and key model (interaction model)

Answer 13

Enzymes only react to their own substrates because their active site physically fit in its subtrate to look like a ‘lock and key’.
- One enzyme leads to one reaction
This model is very limited.

Question 14

Activation energy

Answer 14

The amount of energy that is needed to break or form bond/s. All reactions have a reaction energy.

Question 15

What needs to happen for a reaction to occur (enzymes)

Answer 15

1. The enzymes

Question 16

How does the factor temperature effect enzymes

Answer 16

Increasing the temperature speeds up the reactions between substances as it allows the molecules to move faster. However if the temperature exceeds beyond the optimum range.

Question 17

What happens if the optimum temeprature is exceeded for an enzyme.

Answer 17

the enzyme’s rate of reaction will slow down and decrease which causes it to to denature, losing its tertiary structure and its function.

Question 18

How does the factor pH effect enzymes.

Answer 18

pH measures the level of acidity in a substance. If the pH is out of the optimum range then the enzyme will start to denature. Different enzymes consist of different pH levels.

Question 19

State two examples contrasting the pH of enzymes.

Answer 19

• Pepsin is an enzyme in the stomach that needs an acidic environment to help disgest the food.
• Trypsin is an enzyme in the duodenum that needs a more neutral environment.

Question 20

How does the factor concentration effect enzymes.

Answer 20

If the number of enzymes are high and susbtrates are low, the reaction will take place over a short period of time as:
more enzyme molecules available = more active sites available for substrate to bind to.
If the number of enzymes are low and the substrates are high, the reaction will take place over a long period of time as:
few active sites = less places for substrates to bind to, they have to wait for a free active site.

Question 21

What are cofactors? What are the cofactors that affect enzymes

Answer 21

Cofactors