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Sociology > U4 AOS2 Social Movement > Flashcards

U4 AOS2 Social Movement Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define social movement (study design)

A

Social movement involves a group engaged in an organised effort to achieve social change.

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2
Q

Define social change (SEV textbook)

A

Adjustments and fluctuations in the views, values, norms, and structures in society in response to various factors, such as laws, the actions and interested of specific groups, government, available resources and the social organisation of society.

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3
Q

What are the theories of change?

A
  • political
  • economical
  • cultural
  • technological
  • environmental
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4
Q

Theories of Change

Political Change

A

Change that has to do with government policy and its administration, including laws and policies

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5
Q

Theories of Change

Economic Change

A

Change that relates to costs, interest rates, income, taxes and financial management

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6
Q

Theories of Change

Cultural Change

A

Change relating to beliefs, values, mores, traditions, languages and laws of groups of people in society

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7
Q

Theories of Change

Technological Change

A

Change relating to technical advances in production methods and innovations - the means by which we can adapt to, control and change our social and physical environment through technology use

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8
Q

Theories of Change

Environmental Change

A

Change related to a disturbance of the environment most often caused by human influences and natural ecological processes

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9
Q

What are the four types of social movements?

who and what

A
  • alternative
  • redemptive
  • reformative
  • revolutionary
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10
Q

What are the two limited change movements?

A
  • alternative

- reformative

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11
Q

What are the two radical change movements?

A
  • redemptive

- revolutionary

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12
Q

What are the two individual change movements?

A
  • alternative

- redemptive

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13
Q

What are the two movements that change everyone?

A
  • reformative

- revolutionary

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14
Q

Describe an alternative movement

A

Encourage individuals to change their attitudes and/or
behaviours in a limited, specific way.
- veganism

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15
Q

Describe a redemptive movement

A

Seek radical, extreme change in individual behaviours and
attitudes.
- ‘tiny house’ movement,
off-grid living

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16
Q

Describe a reformative movement

A

Seek limited change within existing systems. Reformative movements may be ‘progressive’ (encourage change) or ‘reactionary’ (slow, minimise or
prevent change).
- marriage equality (Australia)

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17
Q

Describe a revolutionary movement

A

Seek radical or fundamental change to the existing structure or belief system of society itself
- pro-democracy movement (Hong
Kong)

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18
Q

Deprivation Theory

Why?

A

Arise because of a social inequality,usually economic conditions
- Generally focused on the disadvantages some people faced when compared to others

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19
Q

Deprivation Theory

When?

A

Pre 1960’s

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20
Q

Deprivation Theory

Example

A

Suffragettes

fighting for women’s rights, specifically voting

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21
Q

Deprivation Theory

Key Motivator For Actions

A

People feel deprived relative to others, and feel entitled to the same material conditions (e.g., pay or working conditions) as their peers, and must fight for them

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22
Q

Deprivation Theory

Key Features

A

Hierarchical in structure – leaders, lieutenants, local chapters, followers
Relied on older structures and institutions e.g., labour unions against management/ownership

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23
Q

Deprivation Theory

Criticisms

A 
Feelings of deprivation and entitlement
often occur, but do not always result in a
social movement starting. Other factors
must be present such as leadership and
resources.
24
Q

New Social Movements

Why?

A

Arise because of ‘quality of life’ concerns/making the world a better place - e.g. ‘saving the rainforest’
- Mostly emerged because of technological advancement and globalisation on the industrialised world

25
Q

New Social Movements

When?

A

Post 1960’s

26
Q

New Social Movements

Example

A

Me Too

27
Q

New Social Movements

Key Motivator For Actions

A
  • Focus on changing social and/or physical conditions e.g., climate change
  • Disillusionment with traditional systems of governance – especially regarding issues like racism, discrimination, pollution
28
Q

New Social Movements

Key Features

A
  • Ideas-based
  • Informal networks of activist groups, individuals and organisations
  • A sense of collective identity
  • More global/international in character Reliance on ICT
29
Q

New Social Movements

Criticisms

A

New social movements are not that new,
in that they often use the same strategies, build bureaucracies, lobby politicians and fight injustices the same way as the ‘old’
social movements did.

30
Q

Categories Of New Social Movements

Defensive New Social Movements

A

Defend or protect an aspect of society from change (also known as reactionary or conservative)
- Focus on defending natural or social environments considered to be threatened by industrialisation and/or capitalism, impersonal and insensitive forms of government control, and the development of ‘risk technology’ (nuclear power or genetically modified crops).
(Example; PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals)
Environmental Groups like Greenpeace)

31
Q

Categories Of New Social Movements

Offensive New Social Movements

A

Resentful, upset or annoyed at an aspect of society they feel is unjust and want it to change (also known as progressive)
- Aim to protect or extend the social rights of individuals who have been denied power or identity, are marginalised and/or are repressed by the state (government).
(Example; Melbourne-based homeless (poverty) advocacy group ‘Urban Seed’
- Australian ‘Asylum Seeker Resource Centre’)

32
Q

Analytical Categories within NSM Theory

Frames

A

Used to simplify and condense the ‘world out there’ and offer solutions
successful framing enables social movements to “mobilise potential adherents and constituents, to garner bystander support, and demobilise antagonists”

33
Q

Analytical Categories within NSM Theory

Submerged Networks

A

Lack of formal/clear organisational structure within a movement
due to internet, it can appear that there is no central authority figure driving the movement

34
Q

Analytical Categories within NSM Theory

Movement Culture

A

How NSM groups manipulate information, identity, and structure to achieve their goals

35
Q

What are the Stages of Social Movement?

A

Emergence
Coalescence
Bureaucratisation
Decline

36
Q

Stage 1 Emergence

A

Social movements emerge in response to a perceived social injustice or environmental concerns

  • Usually a small group of activists forms to increase awareness or advocate for change, and then grows into a larger social movement.
  • Movements at the emergence stage lack clearly defined strategies for achieving goals and don’t have organisational structures in place.

Example: anti-maskers.

37
Q

Stage 2 Coalescence

A

Leaders determine policies, decide tactics, build morale, recruit members.

  • ‘Coalesce’ means ‘join together’
  • Collective action occurs to raise awareness.
  • Alliances with other organisations might occur to build resources and power.

Example: Black Lives Matter.

38
Q

Stage 3 Bureaucratisation

A

The movement adopts many features of a bureaucratic organisation: a hierarchical leadership and management structure, paid staff, formal policies and procedures.

  • While movements are often at their most powerful at this stage, sometimes the bureaucratic nature (‘red tape’) can sap attention and energy away from the original goals.
  • Bureaucratised movements can become slow to react and inflexible because they are so large.

Example: Greenpeace.

39
Q

Stage 4 Decline

Success

A

The movement achieves its goals and has no reason to continue
Eg. The Humane Society, RSPCA, PETA,

40
Q

Stage 4 Decline

Failure

A

Due to poor leadership, disunity, lack of funds, disinterest

Eg. Occupy Wall Street

41
Q

Stage 4 Decline

Co-option

A

When the leaders leave, are corrupted or are influenced by others outside the movement
Eg. Kony 2012

42
Q

Stage 4 Decline

Repression

A

When authorities use power to control or destroy the movement
Eg. Attempted coup in Turkey 2016
The storming of the Capitol building in Washington DC on 6 January 2021 by the ‘Stop the Steal’ movement.

43
Q

Stage 4 Decline

Establishment in the Mainstream

A

When the goals of the movement become a permanent idea in society
Eg. Marriage Equality Act (Australia)

44
Q

Define Power?

A

Power, as defined by Max Weber, is the ability to achieve desired ends, despite resistance from others.
Study Design:
individuals within society who have adequate power are seen as possessing equality, while those who are denied power are seen as experiencing inequality.

45
Q

What are Webers three main types of authority?

A

Traditional
Rational-legal
Charismatic

46
Q

Webers Authority Theory

Traditional

A

Authority comes from tradition ‘this is the way it has always been done’ Eg. Kings and Queens, The Patriarchy, etc

47
Q

Webers Authority Theory

Rational-legal

A

Based on the official role a person has tied to systems of rules and regulations Eg. employer/employee, teacher/student, etc

48
Q

Webers Authority Theory

Charismatic

A

Based on the charisma of a leader, as defined by relationship dynamics, Stems from interpersonal influence Eg. Jim Jones

49
Q

Describe Legitimate Power

A
  • The use of power by those who have a ‘right’ to it.
  • It does not always mean that the
    power held is fair. However, whether the use of power is legitimate is subjective.
  • In a democracy, power is generally considered legitimate when people accept the authority of those in positions of power. When people question the authority of those in power to act, they are calling into question their legitimacy.
50
Q

Describe Illegitimate Power

A
  • Power which that requires corruption, and/or coercion (the threat of force)
  • Illegitimate power is not accepted by society and often attract responses like resistance and disobedience.
51
Q

What are the three Types of Power

A

Direct action
Strategic use of ICT
Legal power

52
Q

Types of Power

Direct Action

A

Attempts to effect change immediately through boycotts, blockades, strikes, civil disobedience or demonstrations.

53
Q

Types of Power

Strategic Use of ICT

A

Use of technology, media and social media, particularly through online
platforms, viral video clips, online petitions and protests, which all spread rapidly.

54
Q

Types of Power

Legal Power

A

Use of elected power or the law, courts, police, security and positions of authority

55
Q

Define social change

A

adjustments and fluctuations in the views, values, norms, and structures in society in response to various factors, such as laws, the actions and interested of specific groups, government, available resources and the social organisation of society.

56
Q

Describe a social movements power in Stage 1- Emergence

A

Power is weak and often reduced to awareness campaigns.

57
Q

Describe a social movements power in Stage 2- Coalescence

A

Power is stronger, flexible and more organised, e.g. rallies and protests, but is not entrenched or durable.

Sociology (8 decks)

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