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Sociology > U2 AOS2 Crime > Flashcards

U2 AOS2 Crime Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the five types of crime?

A
  • crime against person
  • crime against property
  • victimless crime
  • white collar crime
  • corporate crime
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2
Q

What are the general patterns of crime?

A
  • increase

- decrease

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3
Q

UN Prevention of Crime looks at…

A
  • illegal drug trade
  • human trafficking
  • terrorism
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4
Q

Factors that lead to crime

A
  • poverty
  • addiction
  • rebellion
  • abuse
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5
Q

SOCIOLOGICAL CONCEPT OF PUNISHMENT

Rationale and aims

A
  • retribution
  • deterrence
  • rehabilitation
  • societal protection
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6
Q

RETRIBUTION

A
  • Meets people’s desire for revenge when someone has done something morally wrong.
  • The punishment should ‘fit’ the crime itself (be equal in severity).
  • The aim is therefore centred on the offender ‘getting what they deserve’ and restoring a moral balance between the victim and offender.
  • Critics note retribution does little to change the offender’s behaviour but many still believe that revenge is an adequate reason for punishment.
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7
Q

DETERRENCE

A
  • Aims to prevent future crime by deterring the offenders from doing it again.
  • It is believed that we will not break the law if we think the pain of punishment would outweigh the pleasure of crime.
  • In reality, the success of crime prevention programs varies.
  • Deterrence can be:
    • Specific: Discouraging the particular offender from committing more crimes
    • General: Discouraging other potential offenders in the community from committing the crime in the future.
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8
Q

REHABILITATION

A
  • Prevents crime by altering the offender’s behaviour: motivates the offender to conform to socially acceptable behaviours.
  • Promotes the restoration of relations between the community, the offender and the victim.
  • A more modern rationale on addressing crime.
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9
Q

SOCIETAL PROTECTION

A
  • Prevents crime by removing the offender from society.
  • Belief that society is ‘safer’ when offenders are incapable of reoffending by being incapacitated.
    Incapacitation can be:
    -Physical: e.g. taking away a driver’s licence for driving offences
    -Geographic: Incarceration or home detention.
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10
Q

BRAITHWAITE’S THEORY OF SHAMING

___ VS___

A
  • reintegrative shaming

- stigmatic shaming

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11
Q

REINTEGRATIVE SHAMING

A
  • Communicates respectful disapproval
  • Labels person as good but action as bad
  • Offers acceptance and forgiveness so the individual can be reintegrated into society.
  • In criminal punishment, usually occurs when offenders are made to come face to face with the effects of their crime on the victims.
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12
Q

STIGMATIC SHAMING

A
  • Powerful disapproval and rejection of an individual, marking them as an outcast
  • Braithwaite believed stigmatisation to be detrimental and ineffective
  • Humiliating
  • Labels the person and their actions as bad, which hinders reintegration
  • Poses a threat to identity, which can lead to further crime (individual rebels against a society which has rejected them)
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13
Q

NATIONS RESPONSE TO CRIME

___,___,___

A
  • usa
  • australia
  • norway
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14
Q

NATURE AND RATIONALE OF SENTENCING

sp, sf, sp, rj

A
  • sentencing principles
  • sentencing factors
  • sentencing purposes
  • restorative justice
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15
Q

SENTENCING PRINCIPLES

pny, pr, pty, t

A

Parsimony - The sentence must not be harsher than necessary
Proportionality - The punishment must match the gravity of the offending behaviour
Parity - Offences for similar crimes must yield similar sentences
Totality - The overall sentence must be just if more than one sentence is carried out - i.e being charged with multiple crimes at once

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16
Q

SENTENCING FACTORS

A
  • Maximum penalties for an offence
  • Current sentencing practices
  • Nature and gravity of the offence
  • Offender’s culpability - should they/can they be held responsible?
  • Crime motivated by hatred or prejudice?
  • Impact on the victim
  • Personal circumstances of the victim
  • Injury, loss or damage resulting from the offence
  • Whether the offender pleaded guilty or not
  • The offender’s previous character
  • The presence of any aggravating or mitigating factors
17
Q

SENTENCING PURPOSES

jp, d, r, d, cp, c

A

Just Punishment - Punishment that is fair to all
Deterrence - Prevention of similar crimes in future
Rehabilitation - Enable reintegration to society upon release
Denunciation - To condemn the behaviour publicly
Community Protection - To protect the people from offenders
Combination - A combination of two or more above factors

18
Q

RESTORATIVE JUSTICE

A
  • Restorative justice is a theory of justice that focuses on the harm caused by crime and wrongdoing to people, relationships and community. It provides a framework for addressing and preventing harm that moves beyond punishment towards healing.
19
Q

EFFECTIVENESS OF SENTENCING

i, dto, cco, fau, dod

A
  • imprisonment
  • drug treatment order
  • community correction order
  • fine adjournment undertaking
  • dismissal or discharge
20
Q

Define Crime

A

An offence which causes harm and is punishable by the State on behalf of the general public, whose standards do not permit the offending behaviour.

21
Q

Define punishment

A

The process whereby someone faces a penalty as retribution for an offence that they committed: it could be physical or financial

22
Q

Define deterrent

A

An aim to discourage someone from doing something. It could be threat of a fine or some other punishment.

23
Q

Define rehabilitate

A

In terms of crime and deviance, refers to the idea that we can restore someone to a normal life (such as being away from crime or other deviant behaviour) by offering therapy, support and training as part of or after imprisonment or addiction treatment.

Sociology (8 decks)

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