U4 AOS2 Flashcards
what are the reasons for law reform?
- to address changes in beliefs, values, and attitudes
- to address changes in living conditions
- to address advances in technology
- to address a greater need for protection of the community
what is a strength of law reform in order to address changes in beliefs, values, and attitudes?
beliefs, values, and attitudes often change as society becomes more educated
what is a weakness of law reform in order to address changes in beliefs, values, and attitudes?
if changes to the law are too rapid, society may be more reluctant to accept the laws/they may be met with resistance
what is an example of law reform due to changes in beliefs, values, and attitudes?
when societal attitudes towards smoking changed due to us becoming aware of the health risks associated with it, anti-amoking laws were introduced due to the now widespread negative attitude
what are the 3 types of living conditions that may result in a need for law reform?
- social conditions
- economic conditions
- international conditions
what are examples of social conditions that may result in law reform?
- population growing
- life expectancy increasing
- increases in domestic violence
what are examples of economic conditions that may result in law reform?
- increasing female participation in the workforce
- increasing part-time and casual employment
- increases in online shopping
what are examples of international conditions that may result in law reform?
- increasing global violence
- global threat of terrorist attacks
- international conflicts, e.g. wars
what is an example of law reform due to advances in technology?
new laws in areas of genetic research due to new breakthroughs being made in this new area of science and medicine
what is an example of law reform in order to address greater need for protection of the community?
environmental laws + human and animal rights laws that have come as a result of danger occuring towards the environment, humans, and animals
what are the ways that individuals and groups can influence a change in the law?
- petitions
- demonstrations
- the use of the courts
what is a petition?
a formal, written request to the parliament to take some action or implement a law reform
what are examples of what petitions might aim to do?
- introduce a new law
- amend an existing law
- take a particular course of action in relation to a policy matter or complaint
what are some common rules of petitions?
- must be prepared in a particular format in order to be accepted by the specific parliament
- must be addressed to the house in which it is being presented
- clearly states the action being requested
- is limited by words
- contains the details of the person who initiates/organises the petition
- is legible with no offensive language
- has at least one signature
- must be created as an e-petition on the parliament’s website
what is the rule regarding sponsoring petitions in the victorian parliament?
all petitions must be sponsored by a member of parliament in order to be tabled and presented in the victorian parliament
what might petitions be in relation to?
- an issue of general community interest
- an issue relevant to a specific group of people
what are the stages of a petition in the house of representatives?
- e-petition requested online
- certification by the committee
- signatures collected online for 4 weeks
- presented to the house of reps
- referred to a minister for a response
- response seen by the committee
- response presented to the house of reps
what are the strengths of petitions in influencing law reform?
- petitions with lots of signatures will be more representative of the community
- principle of representative government means that the government is more likely to make laws in accordance with community values
- the member of parliament presenting/sponsoring the petition may be very high-profile and passionate about the issue
- only petitions created on the parliament’s website can be presented, preventing unneccessary or repetitive petitions
what are the weaknesses of petitions in influencing law reform?
- some people are reluctant to put their name, address, or email address on a petition, despite supporting the cause
- petitions must adhere to certain rules to be presented to parliament
- petitions in the victorian parliament must be tabled by a member of parliament
- the ability of the petition to influence law reform may be affected by whether an mp is willing to present it, who tables it, and their influence within parliament
- there is no guarantee for a petition to be adopted by parliament
- may petitions don’t gain public attention after being tabled
- opposing petitions can reduce the impact of the petition
what is a demonstration?
a gathering of people to protest or express their common concern or dissatisfaction with an existing law as a means of influencing law reform
what is the aim of a demonstration?
to bring an issue to the attention of both the community and law-makers
what are the strengths of demonstrations?
- may gain media attention if creative and original, even if it is small
- non-violent demonstrations that are still disruptive may generate media attention
- ongoing events with several public demonstrations will often be memorable and gather support
- may gather global support and attention, even if the parliament of that country can’t do anything
- organised demonstrations have more impact + show a united front
what are the weaknesses of demonstrations?
- if there are only few participants, they may not generate awareness
- violent/inconvenient demonstrations may be less effective in gathering support
- demonstrations that are single events may be forgotten and therefore less effective
- demonstrations may focus on an issue that the country’s gov. cannot change
- demonstrations may be unorganised and have an unclear call to action, therefore having little impact
what does ultra vires mean?
beyond the powers, or when a law is made beyond the powers of the parliament
what are some reasons that individuals can use the courts to challenge laws?
- to challenge laws to do with equality
- to challenge existing legislation by claiming it was made outside of the law-making powers of whichever body created it
- to challenge existing state legislation on the basis that it conflicts with federal legislation (section 109)
what are the strengths of using the courts?
- can highlight to parliament thar there is a need for reform in an area of law
- can influence judges to use their relationship with parliament + influence parliament to change a certain law in their court judgements
- high court decisions about constitutional matters cannot be abrogated by parliament
- judges are politically independent and therefore can determine cases based on the facts, rather than the need to gain voter support
- a judge’s decision may lead to clarification about the meaning of a law, e.g. they may interpret words of phrases in the law through statutory interpretation
what are the weaknesses of using the courts?
- courts can only change the law when a case is brought before them
- can only change the law in relation to the specific issue presented in the case
- relies on individuals being willing to challenge a law in court
- requires individuals to have standing
- court cases can be costly, time-consuming, and stressful
- no guarantee of success
- judges must wait for parties to challenge the authority of parliament to declare any law ultra vires
- judge-made law can be abrogated at any time
- judges are not elected by the public, therefore their decisions may not represent the views and values of the community
what is media?
the way that information is communicated to the public
what are the types of media?
- print media
- broadcast media
- digital media (including social media)
what are the roles of the media in law reform?
- informing + raising awareness
- assessing levels of community support
- influencing community opinion on a change in the law
how does the media inform and raise awareness?
- can inform people about social, political, and legal issues
- provides a platform for government, parliament, and political parties to explain to the community the need for law reform or their plans for law reform
- the media can reach large numbers of the population
how does the media assess levels of community support?
- through media polls and surveys that re used to gauge public opinion about a particular issue
- through data analytics (tools that allow them to rack online behaviour)
- through monitoring ‘letters to the editor’ about certain issues
- throug measuring the amounts of likes, shares, etc. about a particular post
how does the media influence community opinion?
- many media organisations are high profile
- the media can investigate local, national, and global events and circumstances
- the media can scrutinise gov. policy
what are the limitations of the roles of the media?
- media concentration
- the risk of the spread of misinformation
- the use of algorithms online
what is media concentration?
the ownership of mass media by very few individuals or groups
why are algorithms a limitation of the roles of the media?
- can cause readers to only see a certain viewpoint on an issue/not consider alternative viewpoints
- can cause readers to potentially be completely unaware of an issue
what are the strengths of the media?
- can create interest/raise awareness about issues
- can gauge community support + influence community views about certain issues
- can reach a large number of people (especially social media)
- can give individuals direct access to organisations and political parties
- parliament can use the media to gauge public opinion of a proposed law reform
- can influence community support through investigating + reporting on issues
- can pressure the government to act + encourage people to act (e.g. petitions, demonstrations)
what are the weaknesss of the media?
- can be unreliable or biased
- social media news generally does not follow same ethics as traditional news
- inaccurate stories can spread fast and are difficult to get rid of
- excessive exposure to graphic images may cause people to be overwhelmed or desensitised to injustice
- algorithms can influence what people are reading/show them only a limited amount of information
- may try to influence the community/change the way that they vote with their biases
- high concentration of media ownership gives certain individuals power to influence community views
what is a law reform body?
an organisation established by the state and commonwealth parliaments to investigate the need for change in the law + make recommendations for reform
what are the aims of law reform bodies?
- to give impartial advice
- to make practical recommendations