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U4 Flashcards

1
Q

3 parts of circulatory system

A
  • pump (heart)
  • carrying vessels (arteries, arterioles, venues, veins)
  • network of small vessels/capillary beds (transfer materials between blood and body cells)
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2
Q

atrium

A

upper chamber
receiving
thinner walls

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3
Q

ventricle

A

lower chamber
left ventricle is ticker then right
discharging

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4
Q

aorta

A

vessel that delivers blood to body (requires force from left ventricle)

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5
Q

pathway of blood flow

A

blood moves from major veins to stria
contraction of atria muscle forces blood into ventricles
contraction of ventricular muscle forces blood into the major arteries away from heart

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6
Q

blood flow is a ______ circuit that flows in one direction

A

closed

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7
Q

diastole

A

period when cardiac muscles are relaxing
allows for passive filling of atria and ventricles

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8
Q

systole

A

period when cardiac muscles are contracting

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9
Q

blood pressure

A

pressure circulating blood exerts on walls of vessels

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10
Q

how is blood pressure represented

A

systolic over diastolic pressure measured in mmHg

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11
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

between atria and ventricles (let blood into heart)

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12
Q

semicircular valces

A

between ventricles and major vessels (let blood out of heart)

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13
Q

both semicircular and atrioventricular valves prevent _________ in heart and ensure ______________________

A

backflow
flow is unidirectional

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14
Q

conduction system

A

nervous innervation within heart that assists with contraction

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15
Q

3 components of the conduction system

A

SA node
AV node
purkinje fibers
(then out)

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16
Q

amount of blood expelled from heart depends on …

A

heart rate and volumes of blood moved through the heart with each contraction

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17
Q

cardiac output

A

amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart (L/min)

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18
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped by each ventricle on one contraction

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19
Q

starlings law

A

states the more a cardiac muscle is stretched the stronger the contraction therefore stroke volume is regulated by the amount of blood returning to the heart

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20
Q

what is the most common way to change output from the heart

A

change heart rate

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21
Q

role of the vascular system

A

transport blood to tissues and back

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22
Q

arteries (arterioles)

A

carry blood away from the heart
- thick smooth muscle wall encased in tick connective tissue

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23
Q

veins (venules)

A

move blood towards heart
- contain vascular valves

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24
Q

capillary beds

A

involved with exchange between tissues and blood
- found were substances leave body cells to reach blood

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25
vascular shunt
direct connection between arteriole and venule
26
true capillary
exchange vessel for nutrients and gasses
27
precapillary sphincter
- smooth muscle bands - when relaxed blood passes through network of capillaries - when contracted blood bypasses network
28
pulmonary circuit
pumps blood from right side of heart to lungs then back to left side of heart
29
systemic circuit
pumps blood from left side of heart to all parts of body then back to right side
30
blood leaves pulmonary circuit __________ and returns __________ and vice versa in the systemic circuit
unoxygenated oxygenated
31
_____ carry oxygenated blood except _______ ________ which carry deoxygenated blood from right atrium to lungs
arteries pulmonary arteries
32
_______ carry deoxygenated blood except ________ ______ which carry oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium
veins pulmonary veins
33
blood pressure is highest ______ to the heart and lowers _______ ________
close with distance
34
blood pressure ______ and _______ naturally as the heart contracts and fills
rises falls
35
what allows for the continual flow of blood within the circulatory system
flexible nature of major arteries
36
the heart can only maintain blood pressure in a ______ system
closed
37
vasoconstriction
involves the closing of vessels and results in a increase in blood pressure
38
vasodilation
involves the opening of vessels and results in a decrease in blood pressure
39
factors regulating vasoconstriction and vasodilation
temperature - to hot = vasodilate - to cold = vasocontrict sympathetic ns - elicit rises in bp
40
how do substances move across capillary beds
diffusitory across concentration gradient - capillary are thin so substances have a short distance to diffuse across
41
secondary ways substances pass through capillary cells
pores, clefts, exo/endocytosis
42
capillaries of BBB don't have ______ and _____ are normally only found in digestive tract
clefts pores
43
hydrostatic pressure
fluid that leaks out of wall during capillary exchange bc of blood pressure
44
osmotic pressure
when proteins reverse pressure to retain fluid during capillary exchange
45
arterial end has higher _____ then ______ and vice verso in venal end
blood/hydrostatic pressure osmotic pressure
46
pattern of fluid exchange
fluid moves out of capillary bed at arteriole end and then is recovered before blood leaves to venue end
47
fluid exchanged but not recovered by capillaries must be removed from __________________ and pass through ____________ to avoid accumulation and return to circulatory system
interstitial fluid lymph vessels
48
lymph vessels
- blind ended tubes that drain fluid towards the heart (easily let fluid in and have valves to prevent back flow )
49
role of the lymphatic system
remove exces fluid from interstitial space - collect lymph from lymph capillaries and carry it to and from lymph nodes to return to circulatory veins near heart
50
blood is the only fluid tissue in the body classified as ________ tissue
connective
51
blood is 45% _________ and 55% _______
living cells/formed elements non-living matrix or plasma
52
blood plasma is 90% _____
water (slightly alkaline pH)
53
salts in plasma are largely responsible for _________ ________ of cells
osmotic buffering (acid base balancing)
54
proteins in plasma play a role in ________
clotting and defense
55
formed elements in blood
erythrocytes (RBC) leukocytes (WBC)
56
erythrocytes
- regulated by hormone erythropoietin in kidney - contributes to viscosity of blood - contain hemoglobin - don't contain a nucleus
57
leukocytes
- regulated by colony stimulating factos and interleukins
58
leukocyte subtypes
granulocytes (contain granules in cytoplasm and nucleus) agranulocytes (opposite)
59
subtypes of granulocytes
neutrophils (phagocytes) eosinophils (attack parasites) basophils (release histamines)
60
subtypes of agranulocytes
lymphocytes (immune system) monocytes (phagocytic cells that turn into macrophages or dendritic cells)
61
platlets
aid in blood clotting
62
megakaryocytes
fragments of large multinucleate cells
63
hematopoiesis
formation of various blood cells
64
blood stem cell
formed in bone marrow and undergo various different steps in order to become erythrocytes, leukocytes, or platelets
65
erythropoiesis (controlled by?)
formation of erythrocytes - controlled by hormone erythropoietin produced by kidneys in response to released O2
66
hemostasis
physiological wound repair
67
3 phases of hemostasis
- vascular spasm occurs - platelet plug forms - coagulation events occur
68
vascular spasm (hemostasis)
smooth muscle contracts causing vasoconstriction - decreases blood loss at site
69
platelet plug forms (hemostasis)
- injury to lining of vessel exposes collagen fibres which platelets adhere to - platelets release chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky and platelet plug forms
70
coagulation events (clotting cascade) (hemostasis)
- clotting factors present in plasma and related by injured tissue cells interact w ca2 to form thrombin - fibrin forms a mesh that traps red blood cells and platelet forming the clot
71
thrombin
enzyme that catalyzes joining of fibrinogen molecules in plasma to form fibrin

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