U1

Question 1

levels of structural organization

Answer 1

chemical
cellular
tissue
organ
organ system
organismal

Question 2

organ systems allow for…

Answer 2

movement from external to internal environment or vice versa

Question 3

elements of the homeostatic control system

Answer 3

• stimulus
• receptor
• input
• output
• response

Question 4

positive vs negative feedback systems

Answer 4

n - original stimulus is shut off
p - increases stimulus

Question 5

body is mostly made of what chemicals

Answer 5

oxygen
hydrogen
nitrogen

Question 6

combonation of 2 or more atoms is a _____

Answer 6

molecule

Question 7

what determines whether a molecule is organic or inorganic

Answer 7

the presence of carbon

Question 8

inorganic molecules

Answer 8

• simple bonds
• water and salt

Question 9

acids vs bases

Answer 9

acids release H+ (proton donors)
bases release OH- (acceptors)

Question 10

both acids and bases undergo __________ reactions to form _____ and _____

Answer 10

neutralization
water
salt

Question 11

how is pH regulated

Answer 11

regulated by kidneys and lungs

Question 12

organic molecules

Answer 12

• have carbon
• covertly bonded
• carbs, lipids, proteins

Question 13

types of carbs

Answer 13

monosaccharides - 1 sugar
disaccharides - 2
polysaccharides - many

Question 14

3 categories of lipids

Answer 14

• energy storage
• cholesterol production
• cell membranes

Question 15

triglycerides

Answer 15

stored fat for energy
fatty acids and glycerol

Question 16

phospholipids

Answer 16

form lipid bilayer

Question 17

cholesterol

Answer 17

production of steroid hormones

Question 18

half of the bodies organic matter is _______

Answer 18

proteins

Question 19

what are proteins made of

Answer 19

amine group
acid group
vary by r group

Question 20

4 levels of protein structure

Answer 20

primary secondary tertiary quaternary

Question 21

peptides

Answer 21

shorter amino acid chains
function as biological catalysts
maintain homeostasis
bind to substrates and convert them to products

Question 22

what is ATP made of

Answer 22

nucleotide built from ribose sugar, adenine base, and 3 phosphate groups

Question 23

how does ATP work

Answer 23

energy is released when the high energy phosphate bond is broken makes ADP then ATP is replenished by oxidation reactions

Question 24

what is ATP used for

Answer 24

to drive energy absorbing chemical reactions, transport through membranes , and activates contractile proteins

Question 25

nucleic acids are built from ______

Answer 25

nucleotides

Question 26

DNA vs RNA

Answer 26

DNA - provides instruction (no U) RNA - carries out interaction for protein synthesis (u)

Question 27

3 varieties of RNA

Answer 27

- messenger - transfer - ribosomal

Question 28

fibroblasts and erythrocytes

Answer 28

connect body parts

Question 29

epithelial cells

Answer 29

cover/line organs

Question 30

skeletal and smooth muscle cells

Answer 30

move organs and body parts

Question 31

fat cells

Answer 31

store nutrients

Question 32

macrophages

Answer 32

fight disease

Question 33

nerve cells

Answer 33

gather info and control body functions

Question 34

oocyte and sperm cells

Answer 34

reproduction

Question 35

3 main regions of cells

Answer 35

- plasma membrane - cytoplasm - nucleus

Question 36

what cell has no nucleus

Answer 36

erythrocytes

Question 37

microvilli

Answer 37

increases cell surface area for absorption

Question 38

tight junctions

Answer 38

impermeable found at the top of cell to seal off surface

Question 39

desmosomes

Answer 39

prevent cells from being pulled apart under mechanical stress

Question 40

which is insoluble carbs or lipids

Answer 40

c - soluble l - insoluble

Question 41

gap junctions allow for

Answer 41

communication between cells

Question 42

mitochondria

Answer 42

form atp

Question 43

rough vs smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 43

r - protein synthesis s - lipid synthesis

Question 44

Golgi apparatus

Answer 44

packages protein into vesicles

Question 45

lysosomes

Answer 45

enzymes that break down substances entering cell

Question 46

secretory vesicles

Answer 46

contain proteins to be recreated by the cell

Question 47

passive transport processes

Answer 47

simple diffusion osmosis facilitated diffusion filtration

Question 48

active transport processes

Answer 48

solute pumping bulk transport

Question 49

definition of diffusion

Answer 49

particle distribute evenly through a solution moving from high concentration to low

Question 50

simple diffusion

Answer 50

unassisted, lipid soluble molecules pass through membrane pores

Question 51

osmosis

Answer 51

water moves across membranes through aquaporins (water follows salt)

Question 52

facilitated diffusion

Answer 52

requires protein carrier to transport channel or carrier mediated

Question 53

filtration

Answer 53

water solutes are forced through membrane by hydrostatic pressure (high to low)

Question 54

reasons why active transport may be needed

Answer 54

molecules may be too large to use diffusion, may not be lipid soluble, or may be moving from low to high concentrations

Question 55

solute pumps

Answer 55

mainly for transport of amino acids ATP energizes protein carrier and substances are mixed from low to high concentrations

Question 56

bulk transport

Answer 56

either endocytosis or exocytosis both use secretory vesicles made of a phospholipid bilayer

Question 57

2 types of endocytosis

Answer 57

- phagocytosis (large molecules) - pinocytosis (small)