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global politics > u3aos1 > Flashcards

u3aos1 Flashcards

1
Q

nation

A

a group of people with common bonds based on culture, language and history.

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2
Q

state

A

traditionally central actors in global politics. States possess a defined territory, permanent population and recognised sovereignty. States are not necessarily homogenous*.

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3
Q

soverginty

A

the legitimacy or widely recognised ability to effectively control a territory with recognised borders.

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4
Q

power

A

the ability of one actor to influence the actions of another global actor. Power can be exercised in a range of types and forms.

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5
Q

global governance

A

the institutions, rules, norms and legal arrangements that seek to facilitate cooperation and manage relations between states.

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6
Q

globalisation

A

the acceleration and intensification of goods, services, labour and capital exchanges that promote global interdependence. These have been facilitated by rapid changes in communication and technology.

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7
Q

mulitlateralism

A

a system of coordinating relations between three or more global actors in pursuit of particular objectives.

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8
Q

National interest

A

the interest of a nation as a whole held to be an independent entity separate from the interests of subordinate areas or groups and also of other nations or supranational groups

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9
Q

hegemon

A

a supreme leader

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10
Q

secessionism

A

Secessionism refers to the idea of forming separate nations and leaving the existing nation.

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11
Q

unilateralism

A

Refers to the policy of a state acting alone in regards to upholding/defending their national interest, with little or no regard for the views or interests of other global actors

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12
Q

bilateralism

A

Bilateralism is the conduct of political, economic, or cultural relations between two sovereign states

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13
Q

diplomacy

A

Refers to the ability to conduct effective negotiations between states without arousing hostility

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14
Q

treaty

A

An agreement between states that establishes an international law.

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15
Q

terrorism

A

theunlawfuluse of violence andintimidation, especially againstcivilians, in the pursuit of political aims.

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16
Q

legitimacy

A

Political power that is broadly accepted by the population, usually based on its granting through democratic or transparent means.

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17
Q

aims of states

A
  1. maintain soverginty
  2. protect its population/terriroty from threats
  3. maintain national interests
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17
Q

roles of states

A
  1. security
  2. justice and order
  3. economic prosperity
  4. representation
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18
Q

powers

A
  1. military
  2. diplomatic
  3. economic
  4. cultural
  5. political
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19
Q

extent of power is based on

A
  1. size/capactiy of miltiary forces
  2. size of economy
  3. extent of diplomatic influence through alliances/relations with states
  4. internal political stability
  5. access to natural resources.
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20
Q

regional groupings - states gain?

A
  • Economic advantages eg. trading relationships that reduce tariffs
  • Security benefits eg. help each other, less likely to attack each other
  • Cultural similarities eg. allowing ease of people movement (to study, work, retire) to breakdown political and social differences
  • Collaborative benefit on regional issues eg. employment.
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21
Q

regional groupings - states lose

A

they challenge sovereignty through the delegation of power to a higher authority. Membership in a regional grouping transfers power upwards to a supranational organisation

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22
Q

contested borders - challenges sovereignty

A
  1. territorial sovereignty
  2. political soverginty
  3. economic sovereignty
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23
Q

challenges to state sovereignty

A

states become a signatory - states must comply with stipulations - gives up bit of sovereignty:
1. economic sovereignty
2. territorial sovereignty
3. political sovereignty
4. environmental sovereignty

24
Q

global governance

A

advocates solving international disputes by consensus between states on a world level

25
Q

criticisms of global governance

A
  1. people look to state for protection not international bodies
  2. states participate when it suits their interests
  3. power is still concentrated within the authority of the states
  4. states can limit IGOs power if they treat them as resources
  5. soverignty lies with state
26
Q

aims of the UN

A
  1. maintain international peace and security
  2. develop friendly relations between nations
  3. to be a centre for coordinating the actions of nations
  4. to achieve international cooperation in solving problems and promoting respect for HR and freedoms.
  5. to promote HRs and fundamental freedoms for all people
27
Q

roles of the UN

A
  1. protect HR
  2. deliver humanitarian aid
  3. promote sustainable development
  4. uphold international law
  5. assist parties in conflict to make peace and create conditions
  6. provide a forum for states to debate issues of international concern
28
Q

UN power - security council

A

The UNSC can implement economic sanctions or arms embargoes to enforce the terms of its resolutions

29
Q

UN power - GA

A

As all states are represented equally in the general assembly the GA can pass resolutions that make the will of the international community clear, providing a consensus on global issues.

30
Q

power - ICJ

A

International court of justice
The ICJ gives advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by UN organs and specialised agencies

31
Q

power - miltiary

A

Article 42 of the UN charter permits the UNSC to take ‘any action by air, sea or land forces as may be necessary to restore international peace or security.

32
Q

limitations/critisms of power - UNSC

A
  • Members were chosen in 1945 - outdated perhaps
  • The veto power of the UNSC member has prevented effective action
  • UNSC member interests may conflict with global interests
33
Q

limitations/criticisms of power - GA

A

Resolutions are non-binding and little action occurs once a matter has passed

34
Q

limitations/criticisms of ICJ

A
  • States can withdraw at any time - weakening their authority
  • Sovereignty remains the ultimate priority for states
35
Q

limitations/critisms - funding (UN*)

A
  • UN relies on financial contributions from its member states
36
Q

limitations/critisms - no standing army (UN*)

A
  • The UN needs to raise its military force from member states, rather than having its independent army. This makes it necessary to secure cooperation (from often reluctant) states before military action can be made.
  • The UN does not have a standing army to enforce the terms of its resolution. It relies on the compliance of member states to implement the conditions resolutions and enforce sanctions.
37
Q

aims of IMF

A
  1. promote international monetary cooperation
  2. facilitate the expansion and growth of trade
  3. provide financial resources to member states
  4. promote exchange stability
38
Q

Roles of IMF

A
  1. To provide loans (lending) to those experiencing temporary balance of payment problems.
  2. Monitor economic policies (surveillance) member states agree to open up their economic policies to scrutiny by the IMF.
  3. To provide technical assistance (development)
39
Q

limitations of IMF power - funding

A

funded through state contribution and the amount of money that each state pays to the IMF is based broadly on its position in the global economy. corresponds to voting power (developed states retain far more than developing states.)

40
Q

limitations of IMF power - solving approach

A

applies a one-size-fits all approach to the economic reform, applying an economic ideology (washington consensus)

sometimes fails due to the differing nature of states and their economies.

The washington consensus arguably entrenches the power of the developed world as policy reccomendations often support the economic

41
Q

limitations of imf power - state soverignty

A

states can decide whether or not they follow IMF advice. Economic policies can’t be imposed directly by the IMF, the state must implement them domestically.

41
Q

power of the IMF - member power

A

small states = small contributions. Large states = large contributions, therefore having more voting power. Policies implemented by the IMF tend to be free market liberal policies - could be argued that the IMF was set by Western powers, for Western powers.

42
Q

IMF - economic power

A

significant economic power because it can dictate the economic policy of a state that seeks help. This is a direct threat or challenge to the economic sovereignty of states.

43
Q

IMF power - conditional nature of loans

A
  • Public spending cuts (ie. medical, housing, education)
  • Increased income taxation of its citizens
  • Privatisation increase (eg. if the state provided medical assistance to all of its citizens it may suggest privatising the system so it would no longer be government-run/assisted
  • Expedite (speed up) the extraction and export of natural resources
  • Trade liberalisation (encourage free trade) and deregulation of markets (less red tape).
44
Q

aims of ICC

A
  1. To serve as a court of last resort that can investigate, prosecute and punish perpetrators of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and crimes of aggression
  2. To ensure the worst perpetrators globally are held accountable for their crimes and to end impunity for such perpetrators. This will help to deter future would-be perpetrators.
  3. Assist national judiciaries (state-based) in investigating and prosecuting the worst perpetrators, consequently allowing states to be the first to investigate and prosecute.
  4. Help promote lasting international peace and security by using international law.
45
Q

roles of ICC

A
  • ICC can investigate and prosecute the perpetrators of the globe’s most serious crimes
  • It punishes and rehabilitates those found guilty through imprisonment in the Hague.
  • The court has authority over crimes committed after July 2002 in states that have ratified the Rome Statute, if the courts of the states concerned are unwilling or unable to bring offenders to justice
  • Proceedings can be initiated by the prosecutor, state party or UNSC
46
Q

what can the court do

A
  • The court can only put inividuals on trial not orgainstations or states
  • The court has no jurisdiction over transnational crimes such as drug trafficking, people smuggling, cyber crime
  • The ICC does not hear disputes between states - this is done by international court of Justice which is connected to the UN.
47
Q

general aims of NSAs

A
  • Create global political chagne
  • Pursue their own identified political global agendas
  • Spread their ideas and reach as many people as possible (globally)
  • To lobby states to make a political change.
48
Q

ISIS define

A

Isis is a terrorist group that follows an islamic ultra-fundamental ideology and that controlled a vast region across Iraq and Syria.

49
Q

ISIS aims

A
  1. to create an Islamic Caliphate based on an extreme interpretation Sharia law
  2. Enlist people (jihadists) to their cause
    • get people who have low self esteem or no sense of purpose in life
    • focus on glory on the battle
    • ‘settling scores and seeking justice’ - saviours, resisting regimes.
  3. Eradicate Western/Shia influence in the middle east.
50
Q

Isis roles

A
  • enlisting people to further their cause
  • Invade vulnerable territories (unstable, tensions between Sunni and Shia) with aim of upending rule of law
  • promote and enforce sharia law in their enclaves
  • exerting hard power (ie. beheadings)
  • lobbying via social media and online propaganda
51
Q

isis powers

A
  • Territorial power
  • Political power
  • military power
    -
52
Q

limitation of power isis

A
  • No legitimacy to their power
  • lacks sustained military power
    • lost 95% of its territory (Mosul (Iraq 2nd largest city) and Raqqa (northern Syrian city))
53
Q

amnesty aims

A
  • to ensure that every individual enjoys the human rights enshirined in the universal declaration of human rights
  • demand and fight for justice for those human rights have been violated
54
Q

amnesty what is

A

Amnesty International isa global movement of more than 10 million people in over 150 countries and territories who campaign to end abuses of human rights.

55
Q

roles of amnesty

A
  • fact finding
    • mobilisation
    • advocacy
56
Q

amnesty power

A
  • people power and an ability to mobilises (protest, voice, petition via social media) their millions of supporters to fight against injustice and HR abuses.
  • well resourced legal departments and some of the most well trained and expert HR lawyers on the planet. These legal teams can apply legitimate legal pressure and influence states to uphold their responsibility in relation to HR.
57
Q

amnesty limitations of power

A
  • Amnesty international doesn’t have access to a defence budget or the powers entrusted to the state which would allow them access to hard power like military force and coercive actions in a traditional sense
  • state sovereignty - states can choose to ignore amnesty international if it does not align with their national interest.

global politics (6 decks)

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