u3 studies bullying

Question 1

Characteristics

Answer 1

Olweus definition

Question 2

Evolved gender differences describe

Answer 2

It has been suggested that characteristics associated with bullying are attractive to the opposite sex (Tony Volk et al)

Question 3

Evolved gender differences evaluate

Answer 3

Laurence Owens et al - carried out qualitative research into the contents of girls verbal bullying and found that it consisted of mostly insults about physical appearance.

Jin Wang et al - investigated the type of bullying behaviours used by over 7000 children aged between 11 and 15 years in the United States. Their critical finding was that boys were significantly more likely than girls to use direct physical means of bullying.

Connolly et al - found that bullies of both sexes report having more dates than non-bullies.

Question 4

Narcissistic personality evaluate

Answer 4

Kokkinos et al - link between relationship between narcissistic personality and involvement in bullying behaviour in Greek university students using Facebook. The researchers found a positive correlation between narcissism and bullying behaviours but only for male students.

Dubrin (2012) argues, ‘healthy narcissists can be assets in the workplace. They are demanding of others but not bullies, proud but not arrogant, vain but not self-obsessed’.

Question 5

Moral disengagement describe

Answer 5

Bandura argues that we use cognitive strategies to allow us to behave in inhumane ways without feeling guilty.

Question 6

Moral disengagement evaluate

Answer 6

Hymel et al (2005) - relationship between moral disengagement and aggressive behavior among Canadian school children. They identified 18 responses that correlated with the four elements of moral development, demonstrating that students engaging in bullying behavior were significantly more likely to hold positive attitudes towards bullying.

Thonberg’s study found that students with low emotional scores displayed increased bullying behavior regardless of their level of moral disengagement. Conversely, those with high moral scores did not engage in bullying, even if they exhibited high levels of moral disengagement.

Heimel et al, pure bullies reported the highest level of moral disengagement, and the pure victims reported the lowest. Students who were both bullied and bullying, their level of moral disengagement decreased as their experience of being bullied increased.

Question 7

CAPSULE evaluate

Answer 7

Fonagy et al - carried out a randomised allocated trial comparing CAPSULE with a standard form of intervention in the USA, psychiatric consultation. The third condition was treatment as usual (TAU). The study involved over 1000 students aged between 8 and 10 years, in 9 primary schools. The schools were randomly allocated to the three conditions being tested. The effectiveness was measured after 2 years of active intervention. The researchers found reduced levels of peer-reported bullying and aggression in the CAPSULE program compared with the TAU condition. CAPSULE also saw a significant decrease in disruptive classroom behaviours.