U3 outcome 1 kk5 (smoking, alcohol, overweight/obesity, nutritional imbalence Flashcards
smoking
smoking is a practise in which a substance is burned and the resulting smoke is inhaled to be tasted an absorbed by the bloodstream.
- smoking generally relates to the use of tobacco but can also include marijuana and other drugs.
vaping
- vaping relates to the use of e-cigarettes or ‘vapes’.
- vapes are battery powered devices that use an element to turn a liquid (e-liquid) or an aerosol (or vapour), which is then inhaled into the lungs.
effects of smoking and link to health status
p1
CANCER
-smoking can cause a fault in body cells as they divide.
-This can lead to a tumor and ultimately cancer.
-This increases rates of DALY and mortality.
effects of smoking and link to health status
p2
CARDIOVASCUALER DISEASE
-smoking speeds up the process of atherosclerosis. This increases the risk of a blockage to blood vessels feeding the heart and brain.
-this can contribute to heart attack and stroke (cardiovascular disease)
- increasing mortality rates and reducing life expectancy.
alcohol use disorer
- a disease characterised by ongoing risky alcohol consumption.
alcohol misuse
- relates to the excessive consumption of alcohol and includes alcoholism and binge drinking.
-alcohol misuse over a period of time can indicate an alcohol use disorder.
alcoholism
- when a person cannot stop drinking once they have started, or has a constant desire to drink alcohol.
binge drinking
-defined as consuming more than 4 standard drinks in one sitting
effects of alcohol and link to health status
p1
OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY:
- alcogol contains kilojoules, which if not used for energy will be stored as adipose (fat) tissue
- this overtime can lead to overweight and obesity and also inceased the risk of type 2 diabetes
- increasing rate of morbidity and DALY
effects of alcohol and link to health status
p2
LIVER DISEASE
- alcohol is filtered through the liver. excessive consumption can cause inflammation and scarring of liver tissue
- this can lead to chronic liver diseases such as cirrhosis and cancer of the liver.
-increasing morbidity and mortality
overweight and obesity
relates to carrying excess body weight that negatively impacts health and wellbeing
body mass index (BMI)
- it is an internationally recognised standard for classifying overweight and obesity in adults
-it is calculated by dividing weight (in kgs) by height (in m2)
hypertension
-high blood pressure
cholesterol
-a type of fet required for optimal functioning of the body that, in excess, can lead to a range of health concerns. Including blocking of the arteries (atherosclerosis)
- it can be bad (LDL) or good (HDL)
effects of overweight and obesity and link to health status
p1
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
- overweight and obesity means that there is greater strain on the heart
- which can increase the risk of hypertension, heart attack and stroke
-contributing to increased morbidityand mortality rates
effects of overweight and obesity and link to health status
p2
TYPE 2 DIABETES
-fat cells release a type of fatty acid into the blood stream that is thought to lead to insulin resistence
- and therefore type 2 diabetes
- increasing morbidity rates
fibre
- a type of carbohydrate that is required for optimal h&w.
- fibre doesnt get absorbed by the body, rather it travels through the digestive system, promoting feelings of fullness and keeping the digestive tract clean by adding bulk to faeces
nutrient dense
- foos that contain a large amount of nutrients such as vitamins and minerals
energy dense
- foods that contain significant amounts of fat, carbohydrates and/or protein therefore contributing large amounts of energy to the diet
neural tube defects
- conditions characterised by damage to the brain and spine, and to the nerve tissue of the spinal cord during prenatal development, such as spina bifida and anencephaly
dental caries
decay of the teeth caused by a breakdown in the tissues that make up the tooth.
NUTRITIONAL IMBALENCE:
effects of low intake of fibre and link to health status
p1
- fibre adds bulk to faeces and assists in keeping the digestive system clean, reducing the risk of abnormal calls developing, especially in the colon and rectum.
-Therefore, a low intake of fibre contributes to a higher risk of colorectal cancer, including bowel cancer.
-leading to higher rates of morbidity and mortality
NUTRITIONAL IMBALENCE:
effects of low intake of fibre and link to health status
p2
-fibre provides feelings of fullness without adding energy to the diet. Low intake can therefore contribute to over eating
-this can then lead to overweight and obesity as well as increase the risk of type two diabetes.
-contributing to both morbidity and mortality
NUTRITIONAL IMBALENCE:
effects of underconsumption of fruit and vegetables and link to health status
p1
- consuming energy dense foods instead of fruit and vegetables can impair weight management
- increasing the risk of overweight and obesity
- increasing morbidity
NUTRITIONAL IMBALENCE:
effects of underconsumption of fruit and vegetables and link to health status
p2
-fruit and vegetables are a source of anti-oxidants, which work to reduce the impact of free radicals in the body.
- free radicals can damage body cells increasing the risk of cancer
-leading to increased morbidity and mortality rates
NUTRITIONAL IMBALENCE:
effects of underconsumption of dairy foods and link to health status
p1
- dairy foods provide calcuim, which is essential for the strengthening of bones.
-therefore underconsumption can cause the condition osteoporosis, involving having weak bones. - increased morbidity rates
NUTRITIONAL IMBALENCE:
effects of underconsumption of dairy foods and link to health status
p2
- calcium plays a significant role in the hardening of tooth enamel. as a result the underconsumption of dairy foods can mean that teeth are not as strong as they could be
- increasing the risk of dental caries
-contributing to higher morbidity rates
fats
- an important part of a balenced diet
- there are different types of fats - both healthy and unhealthy
HEALTHIER FATS:
- monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fats
- are often considered to be healthier fats because they can reduce the levels of LDL cholesterol
UNHEALTHY FATS:
- saturated and trans fats
LDL
low-density lipoprotein (LDL), also known as ‘bad cholesterol’
HDL
high-density lipoprotein (HDL), also known as ‘good cholesterol’
NUTRITIONAL IMBALENCE:
effects of high intake of fat and link to health status
p1
- a high fat diet can cause changes in the digestive system that increase inflammation. Inflammation can lead to increased cell division
- increasing the risk colorectal cancer
- increased morbidity and mortality rates
NUTRITIONAL IMBALENCE:
effects of high intake of fat and link to health status
p2
- deits high in trans or saturated fats have been shown to change the composition of cell membranes, which can interfere with the transport of glucose into the cell, increasing the impact of impaired glucose regulation
-therefore increasing the risk of type 2 diabetes - higher morbidity rates
NUTRITIONAL IMBALENCE:
effects of high intake of salt and link to health status
p1
- high levels of sodium in the body can draw fluid out of the cells and into the bloodstream. This increases the amount of blood in the blood vessels, which places an added strain on the heart
- increasing blood pressure and rates of hypertension
- higher morbidity rates
NUTRITIONAL IMBALENCE:
effects of high intake of salt and link to health status
p2
- increased blood volume and hypertension force the heart to work harder. This can lead to heart failure if the heart cannot keep up with the demand from the body (cardiovascular disease).
- higher rates of mortality
NUTRITIONAL IMBALENCE:
effects of high intake of sugar and link to health status
p1
- overtime, if sugar is consumed in excess it is stored as fat tissue, which can lead to weight gain
- and therefore cause overweight and obesity
- increased rates of morbidity
NUTRITIONAL IMBALENCE:
effects of high intake of sugar and link to health status
p2
- sugars provide a fuel source for bacteria in the mouth. These bacteria produce acids that contribute to the decay of tooth enamel
- and the development of dental caries
-contributing to morbidity
