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Human Bio > U3 Immunity: Types of immunity > Flashcards

U3 Immunity: Types of immunity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define immunity

A

Resistance to infection by invading microorganisms

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2
Q

What are the types of immunity?

A
  • Natural or artificial
  • Passive or active
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3
Q

What is natural immunity?

A

Immunity brought about with no human intervention

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4
Q

What is artificial immunity?

A

Immunity brought about with human intervention

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5
Q

What is passive immunity?

A
  • Immunity where the body doesn’t produce antibodies as there’s no antibody-mediated response
  • Short-lived: only lasts until antibodies are broken down and excreted
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6
Q

What is active immunity?

A
  • Immunity where the body is exposed to a foreign antigen, so the antibody-mediated response occurs
  • Longer lasting than passive immunity due to presence of memory cells
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7
Q

What is an example of natural passive immunity?

A

A baby receiving antibodies form its mother via blood across the placenta and in breast milk

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8
Q

What is an example of artificial passive immunity?

A

Injection of antibodies for serious diseases (tetanus, rabies) and immunocompromised people

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9
Q

What is an example of natural active immunity?

A

Infection by a pathogen and getting sick, causing the body to produce antigens

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10
Q

What is an example of artificial active immunity?

A

An antigen being given through vaccination, causing the body to produce antigens

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11
Q

Define immunisation

A

The process where a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine

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12
Q

Define vaccination

A

The artificial introduction of antigens of pathogenic organisms to a person so they acquire immunity without suffering from the disease

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13
Q

How do vaccines work?

A
  1. Vaccines contain a weakened or inactive part of a pathogen
  2. When the antigen enters the body, it stimulates a specific immune response
  3. The specific immune response produces memory cells for this specific antigen, which live for a long time
  4. If exposed to the antigen again in the future, the memory cells will be activated and cause a secondary response
  5. The memory cells will produce a faster and more intense immune response, with memory B-cells producing many antibodies in a short period of time
  6. The antibodies destroy the antigen before it produces symptoms of illness
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14
Q

What are the traditional types of vaccines?

A

Live attenuated vaccines
- Vaccines that contain weakened living microorganisms with reduced ability to produce disease
- EG: measles, tuberculosis

Inactivated vaccines
- Vaccines that contain dead microorganisms which produce a short-lasting immunity than live attenuated vaccines
- EG: typhoid, whooping cough

Toxoid vaccines
- Vaccines that contain inactivated toxins (toxoids) produced by bacteria
- EG: tetanus, diphtheria

Sub-unit vaccines
- Vaccines that contain fragments of microorganisms to provoke the immune response
- EG: HPV and hepatitis B

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15
Q

What are the two types of modern vaccines?

A

Recombinant vaccines
- Vaccines produced through recombinant DNA technology that use recombinant bacteria or cell from mammals, where insects of yeast is used to produce protein antigens

DNA vaccines
- Vaccines where the DNA for an antigen is introduced in the vaccine where it integrates into the host’s cells, which then produce the antigen similar to in a viral infection and causes an immune response

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16
Q

How are recombinant vaccines made?

A
  1. The gene that codes for a pathogenic antigen is isolated by creating a staggered cut (to produce sticky ends) at a recognition site using restriction enzymes
  2. The same restriction enzyme is used to cut open a bacterial plasmid
  3. The complimentary sticky ends of the plasmid and antigen gene and joined using DNA ligase
  4. This recombinant DNA is placed into a cell (eg: yeast cell) that can reproduce the bacterium with the antigen gene
  5. The cell starts producing the antigen protein
  6. The antigen will be isolated, extracted and then introduced into the body by vaccination
17
Q

What are the methods of vaccine delivery?

A
  • Injecting the vaccine using a syringe is the most common method of vaccination
  • A type of polio vaccine is given by mouth in a lump of sugar
  • Other methods are currently under research: fine spray, skin patches, ingestion in food
18
Q

Why should babies not be vaccinated right after birth?

A
  • Vaccination shouldn’t start too soon after birth as the baby’s blood contains antibodies from its mother via the placenta
  • If the newborn is given a vaccine the antibodies from the mother eliminate the antigens from the vaccine
  • The baby’s immune system doesn’t become activated
  • The vaccine therefore isn’t able to prevent the baby from getting the diseases they are being vaccinated against
19
Q

Why are booster vaccines often needed?

A
  • Often antibody levels from the primary response following a first vaccination decline so a second vaccination (a booster) is needed to stimulate a secondary response
  • Memory cells react quickly to the second exposure, leading to a higher, longer lasting level of antibodies and more memory cells
20
Q

Why do there need to be gaps between booster vaccines?

A
  • If the booster is given too soon after the first vaccination, the antibodies in the blood will eliminate the material in the vaccine before more B-cells can be activated
  • A period of time between vaccinations is required to allow the antibodies in the blood to be eliminated (usually two months)
21
Q

Define herd immunity

A

A type of group immunity that occurs when a high enough proportion of people develop immunity to an infectious disease so that those that aren’t immune are protected (occurs naturally or by artificial means)

22
Q

Why is herd immunity important?

A
  • It reduces the spread of a disease
  • It provides protection to people in the population that can’t be vaccinated or are immunocompromised
23
Q

What are the advantages of vaccines?

A
  • They provide individual protection
  • They provide protection of the community
  • They prevent people form experiencing severe symptoms from a disease
24
Q

What are the four categories of factors that affect individuals’ decisions to be vaccinated?

A
  • Health factors
  • Social factors
  • Cultural factors
  • Economic factors
25
Q

What are the health factors that affect individuals’ decision to be vaccinated?

A

Allergic reactions
- The way in which a vaccine is cultured can cause an allergic response (EG: influenza vaccines are often made in fertilised eggs, so people allergic to egg proteins can’t take these vaccines)

Preservatives
- Certain chemicals (formaldehyde, acetone) are often used as preservatives when vaccines are being made, which some people believe affect the nervous system and cause health issues

26
Q

What are the social factors that affect individuals’ decision to be vaccinated?

A

Ethical concerns with the use of human tissue
- Some viruses don’t grow well in cells from other species, so some vaccine require human cells which are often acquired from human fetuses, which some people are opposed to

Ethical concerns with use of animals
- As viruses can only reproduce in living cells, viral vaccines are made using animal tissue which some people consider unethical

Ethical concerns with testing on animals
- Most vaccines are tested on animals (often mice or birds) to identify problems that could arise in humans, but some people are against this

Ethical concerns with conformed consent
- Some people are concerned about trailing and selling vaccines in developing countries as they believe that vaccine manufacturers are exploiting people that aren’t fully aware of the risks due to low education standards

Concerns about promoting sexual activity in teenagers
- Some people believe that vaccinating against STIs encourages teenagers to be sexually active

Availability
- Vaccines may not be readily available in all areas

27
Q

What are the cultural factors that affect individuals’ decision to be vaccinated?

A

Religious beliefs
- Some branches of religions are opposed to immunisation

28
Q

What are the economic factors that affect individuals’ decision to be vaccinated?

A

Cost of vaccine
- Vaccines may be too expensive for some people to afford

Commercialisation
- The interests of commercial vaccine production may affect its use

Human Bio (26 decks)

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