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MCAT Kaplan Biology > U3: C12: Endocrine System > Flashcards

U3: C12: Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Endocrine 1. Type 2. action 3. travels

A
  1. hormone 2. local action and distal action 3. ductless, hormones secreted into surrounding tissue fluid, vascular or lymphatic drainage receive hormones
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2
Q

Endocrine vs nervous system 1. speed 2. mec 3. function

A
  1. slower, less direct, and longer lasting (duration) than nervous system due to circulation of hormones 2. hormones bind to receptors (proteins), ether on membrane or inside cell 3. alter metabolic activity, regulate growth and development, and guide reproduction 1. faster, more direct, and short lasting due to action potential 2. neurotransmitters release and bind to membrane receptors, if causes Ca+ release into the cell and if it reaches action potential, depolarization propagated 3. afferent (dorsal root ganglia) (sensory-> brain), efferent (brain -> muscles)
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3
Q

Exocrine 1. type 2. action 3. travels

A
  1. non hormone 2. local and distal action 3. secreted through ducts directed to membrane surface
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4
Q

Autocrine 1. type 2. action 3. travels

A
  1. local chemical 2. acts short distances on itself 3. released inside?, outside of itself
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5
Q

Paracrine 1. type 2. action 3. travels

A
  1. local chemicals 2. acts short distances on other cells 3. released into interstitial fluid, bw cells
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6
Q

Hormone: Chemical type x 3

A
  1. Peptide hormone 2. Steroid hormone 3. Tyrosine derivative hormone (amino acid with para methyl phenol)
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7
Q

Peptide hormone 1. how is it manufactured 2. how does it travel 3. effector receptors 4. mec

A
  1. RER (preprohormone, inactive to large) –> cleaved in ER lumen (prohormone) –> cleaved in Golgi or modified with carbohydrate (hormone in secretory vesicle) –> stimulated by other hormones or nervous system for hormone release via exocytosis 2. Dissolved in blood stream (polar = water soluble) 3. Membrane bound (can not diffuse into cell) 4. Receptors act as either ion channels or activate intracellular secondary messenger (ex: cAMP, cGMP, calmodulin)
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8
Q

Secondary Messenger

A
  1. usually due to protein hormone, where effector receptor is membrane bound. 2. second messengers activate or deactivate enzymes and or ion channels and often create ‘cascade’ of chemical reactions that amplify the effect of the hormone ([small] of hormone can have large effect)
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9
Q

Steroid Hormone 1. how is it manufactured 2. how does it travel 3. effector receptors 4. mec

A
  1. SER & mitochondria (only from gonads, placenta, adrenal cortex) : girls please ask curt= steroids 2. protein transporters, bc it can not dissolve in polar water. 3. intracellular receptors (inside effector cell), steroids diffuse through membrane and receptors transport into the nucleus. 4. act at transcription level, typically increase certain membrane or cellular proteins
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10
Q

Tyrosine Derivative Hormone 1. how is it manufactured 2. how does it travel 3. effector receptor 4. mec

A
  1. RER or cytosol of either thyroid or adrenal medulla thyroid: thyroid hormones 2) protein transporters (bc nonpolar) 3) effectors receptors in nucleus: high affinity to their binding proteins in the plasma and in the nucleus create a latent period in their response and increase the duration of the effect of thyroid hormones 4) increase transcription of large number of genes in nearly all cells of the body Adrenal medulla: catacholamines hormones *adrenal glands on top of the pancreas 2) dissolves in blood stream (polar) 3) effector receptors membrane bound 4) mainly act as second messenger cAMP
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11
Q

Nonpolar and Polar hormones -peptide, steroid, catacholamine, thyroid

A
  1. nonpolar: steroids and tyrosine derivative thyroid hormones 2, polar: peptide and tyrosine derivative catacholamine hormones
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12
Q

Nonpolar 1. transport through blood stream 2. travel through cell membrane 3. mec

A
  1. req protein transporter 2. diffuse through the cell 3. intracellular effector receptor transport the hormone into the nucleus where it affects on transcription
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13
Q

Polar 1. transport through blood stream 2. travel through cell membrane 3. mec

A
  1. dissolves in blood 2. membrane bound effector receptor 3. effector receptor either forms ion channels, or secondary messenger system (cAMP)
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14
Q

Peptide Hormones Produced and secreted from…

A
  1. Produced in the hypothalmus, and released by the pituitary glands. 2. Parathyroid 3. Pancreas
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15
Q

Name the Peptide hormones (exclude digestive)

A
  1. Anterior pituitary: FSH, LH, hGH, prolactin (reproductive hormones), ACTH, TSH 2. Posterior pituitary: oxytocin, ADH 3. Pancreas: Glucagon, Insulin 4. Parathyroid: PH 5. Placenta: LH, FSH, hCG
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16
Q

Digestive Hormones: name and location x 4

A

Gastrin: secreted by phyloric gland in stomach, causes parietal cells to release HCl Secretin: secreted by duodenum in SI, regulates the secretion of HCl from parietal cells and bicarbonate in the pancreas. CCK: secreted by duodenum in SI. stimulates the secretion of bile (from gallbladder) and pancreatic juice (from pancreas) Enterogastrone: secreted by duodenum in SI. slows down the movement of chyme, to increase lipid absorption.

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17
Q

Anterior pituitary gland 1. location 2. type of hormone produced 3. name the hormones

A
  1. located under the hypothalmus (hyptothalmus controls the release of APH) 2. Peptide 3. FSH, LH, hGH, prolactin, ACTH (adrenocorticotropin), TSH (thyroid stimulating) (APPT FLAG)
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18
Q

FSH

A

protein- follicle stimulating hormone (anterior pituitary & placenta) 1. women: growth of follicle 2. men: sperm production

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19
Q

LH

A

protein- Luteinizing hormone (anterior pituitary) - cause ovulation, stimulates estrogen and testosterone secretion

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20
Q

hGH

A

protein- human Growth hormone (anterior pituitary & placenta)

  • stimulates growth in almost all cells (increase mitosis, rate of protein synthesis, and utilizing fat energy)

also anti-insulin activity

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21
Q

Prolactin

A

protein (anterior pituitary & placenta) promotes milk production (not secretion)

22
Q

TSH

A

protein- thyroid stimulating hormone (anterior pituitary) stimulates release of t3 & t4

23
Q

PH

A

protein -parathyroid hormone (parathyroid) raises blood calcium levels by increasing osteocyte absorption of calcium and phosphate from bone and stimulates proliferation of osteoclasts (osteoclasts: break down)

24
Q

Glucagon

A

protein (pancreas) increase [glu] in blood, by breaking down glycogen, stimulates gluconeogenesis

25
Q

Insulin

A

protein (pancreas) decrease [glu] in blood, by promoting entry of glu into cells

26
Q

Pancreas 1. location 2. types of hormone it produces 3. hormones

A
  1. above stomach, under liver, connected to the gall bladder which is on the liver. 2. peptide hormones 3. insulin, glucagon
27
Q

Gastrin

A

Digestive hormone: secreted by phyloric gland in stomach, causes parietal cells to release HCl

28
Q

Secretin

A

Digestive hormone: secreted by duodenum in SI, regulates the secretion of HCl from parietal cells and bicarbonate in the pancreas.

29
Q

CCK

A

Digestive hormone: secreted by duodenum in SI. stimulates the secretion of bile (from gallbladder) and pancreatic juice (from pancreas)

30
Q

Enterogastrone

A

Digestive hormone: secreted by duodenum in SI. slows down the movement of chyme, to increase lipid absorption.

31
Q

Name the Tyrosine Derivative hormones

A
  1. thyroid hormones: T3 & T4 2. adrenal medulla: epinephrine and norepinephrine (catecholamines)
32
Q

T3 & T4

A

tyrosine (nonpolar) (thyroid) increase basal metabolic rate

33
Q

Epinephrine

A

tyrosine (catecholamine=polar) (adrenal medulla) similar to the effects in sympathetic but lasts MUCH longer. Vasoconstrictuion of most internal oergans and skin (decrease blood flow), but vasodilation of skeletal muscles (increase blood flow). Stress hormone

34
Q

Calcitonin

A

tyrosine (nonpolar) (thyroid) lowers blood calcium *opp of peptide Parathyroid hormone

35
Q

Oxytocin

A

peptide (posterior pituitary) cause ut contractions and milk ejection

36
Q

ADH

A

peptide- antidiuretic (posterior pituitary) cause collecting duct leakage, increase blood volume and bp

37
Q

Name the steroid hormones

A

Adrenal cortex: cortisol and aldosterone Gonands 1. ovaries: Estrogen and Progessterone 2. testes: Testosterone

38
Q

Cortisol

A

steroid- glucocortivoid (adrenal cortex) increase blood levels of carbs, proteins, and fats

39
Q

Aldosterone

A

steroid (adrenal cortex) reduces Na+ excretion, increase K+ excretion, in collecting duct, and causes increase in bp via secondary effect

40
Q

Estrogen

A

Growth of sex organs, and induce LH surge

41
Q

Progesterone

A

Prepares and maintains uterus for pregnancy

42
Q

Testosterone

A

secondary sex characteristics; closing epiphyseal plates

43
Q
  1. Name endocrine glands 2. 1Name organs that are both endocrine and exocrine
A
  1. Pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Pineal Thymus 2. Pancreas, Gonads, Hypothalmus
44
Q

cAMP pathway cell biology

A
  1. amino acid hormone binds to membrane receptor
  2. G protein activated
  3. Adenylate cylcase activated
  4. cAMP made 5. Protein Kinase cascade
45
Q

steroid pathway cell biology

A
  1. steroids and thyroid hormone (tyrosine derivative) [nonpolar] go inside the cell
  2. hormone binds to receptor inside the cell (cytoplasm or nucleus)
  3. hormone-receptor complex (transcription factor) turns certain genes on inside the nucleus
46
Q

phospholipid pathway cell biology

A
  1. amino acids hormones bind to membrane receptor
  2. G protein activated
  3. phospholipase C activated
  4. Membrane phospholipid split into DAG and IP3
  5. DAG triggers protein kinase cascade
  6. IP3 releases Ca2+ from the ER

[normally:L Ca2+ actively pumped out of cytosol into extracellular space or into ER intracellular space for storage, to keep [Ca2+] low in cytoplasm] [Signaling occurs when the cell is stimulated to release calcium ions (Ca2+) from intracellular stores, and/or when calcium enters the cell through plasma membrane ion channels]

47
Q

Nervous system and Hormones

A
  1. nervous system can modulate and override normal control of hormones based on the status of the body. 2. hormones can modulate the nervous system
48
Q

Normal control of hormones 1. humoral 2. neural 3. hormonal

A
  1. glands directly respond to chemical levels in the blood (parathyroid respond to low blood [Ca+2] 2. glands release hormones when stimulated by nerves (fight or flight response) 3. glands release hormones when stimulated by other hormones (tropic hormones= that have other endocrine glands as their target)
49
Q

Cell biology pathways

A
50
Q

Endocrine feedback

  1. If a person has high bp do they have a high concentration of ADH in blood?
  2. if a person has low bp do they have a high concentration of Aldosterone in blood?
A

Negative feedback* hormones respond to body conditions, do not cause them!

  • high insulin levels do not create low blood glucose concentration in blood. Instead high insulin level are caused by high blood glucose levels.
    1. no
    2. yes

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