U3 AOS1 Flashcards
When did Hungary join the EU? and when did victor Oberon become Prime Minister (for his iliberal democracy)
2003, 2010
How much does Hungary rely on the EU?
in 2018 EU funds made up 5% of their economy (∴ EU has more influence over Hungary which ∴ decreases their effective control. BUT it also enhances their EC bc more money)
What did Hungary do in 2015 to refugees? and what did they do in 2018? and what did the the EU do?
- Bc of the refugee migration crisis, they created a barrier to stop the influx.
The EU parl 2018 vote to invoke Art. 7 bc persistent breach of values (eg. Hungary vote no in EU plan to relocate refugees) (x work)
2017 and 2020 ECJ court rule against Hungary - they tried to created a law that made it illegal to help refugees or asylum seekers
In Nov 2021 the ECJ rule that is violates EU law. (decrease legitimacy and EC)
What are the four freedoms of the EU?
Free movement of people, goods, capital, services
What did Hungary do to LGBTQ+ in April 2020 and June 2021? What did the EU do in response?
they made laws restricting their rights (ending the legal recognition of trans people) (banning LGBTQ+ from being in school education)
the EU in July 2021 voted for urgent legislation to be undertaken for Hungary + issue an infringement notice
(challenge to legit + theoretical threat to EC + increase international scrutiny )
The Rule of Law situation with the EU and Hungary?
The EU legislates for a connection between EU payments to states and how effective rule of law is in that country.
July 2021 EU parl call on chancellor to freeze covid repayments bc lack of transparency and independent judiciary
suspend lockdown payments (challenge legit + EC)
Hungary propose 17 reforms hw/ not enough and the Eu require 27 more (threat to EC)
What policies do states not have control over in the EU?
trade policy (x have trade agreements as an individual state), agriculture, fisheries, subsidies
Why did the UK want to leave the EU?
it had concerns about migration it could not address due to the EU and wanted to implement more subsidies and could not. Also couldn’t fully control its spending, such as required to spend £8 bil on EU
Key parts of Brexit negotiation process?
the EU was 6x bigger than UK
transition period: UK had to obey EU laws but had no representation (lose E.C)
Northern Ireland remains a part of the UK customs territory, while enforcing the EU Customs Code. NI remains in the EU single market and accordingly applies the necessary regulations and checks.
How has the EU challenged recognised borders?
NI dispute in Brexit
Schengen Area ( x passports bw borders )
How many states are part of the Eurozone?
19/27
What areas do states remain in control over in the EU?
health, education, welfare and foreign affairs, defence
How many states are part of the Schengen Area
22 EU states of the 27 European states
in what ways is sov. enhanced or not threatened in the EU?
- representative: equal influence
- upward transfer of sov
- states remain master of treaties
- get greater representation and tf legitimacy on global stage eg. G7 or G20
- more access to trade globally eg. big FTA with other states eg. Mercosur or w, China, UK, Japan
Important stuff about R2P? and its challenge to sov? Gives UN power? how successful?
- It has the the theoretical challenge to sov as it has redefined it as a responsibility and not a right.
- Theoretically gives the UN power to intervene in states domestic affairs if unable/unwilling to protect population from gross abuses of HR (which helps achieve aim for world peace)
- has not been enacted in the past 10 years
Info about Myanmar UN/ R2P case study?
brought up 12 times since Feb 2021 in the UNSC, no UNSC res passed, bc threat of veto from China + Russia (national interest since trading partner) mean no actions
pos: UNGA call for states to stop selling arms to Myanmar, the US, UK and EU have issued unilateral sanctions
Info about Yemen? (UN / R2P case study)
UNSC did give a 2015 arms embargo (UNSC res. 2216) + it was extended in 2022
Stockholm 2018 agreement for ceasefire
the GEE which was transparency and accountability, accuse world powers as involved in the war crimes, and tf not renewed in 2021 and tf a spike in deaths after
Info about Tigray? (UN / R2P case study)
UNSC call for a ceasefire but x urgent actions (eg. x sanctions, x embargos, and was not discussed until a year after violent escalation occured) bc threat of China
The govt incited violence and tf UN not achieve aims
Info about NDC’s (UN case study + multilateral res + effective control)
review every 5 years (enhanced transperancy framework, NDC’s are legally bound to be reviewed)
Positive: 23 states increased their NDC target before cop26
2° target: creates tangible accountability
- the existential threat: the multilateral res increases the E.C of states such as Kiribati to protect population
Negative: but x requirements for what is on it to achieve the 1.5° tf lack of action
9-states were in-line with the 2° limit
not binding
post-cop26: only 5 states stronger targets
What are Amnesty International aims (in australia for refugees) and how have they tried to achieve it?
Stop offshore detention: campaign aus govt
Stop policy of boat push backs:
Increase humanitarian intake of refugees to 30,000: My New Neighbour campaign
How successful was Amnesty international?
the ACT legislative assembly and some local councils have supported increasing community sponsored refugee programs
Dec 2021: 4 years after campaign, the federal govt decrease cost for aus community program from $100,000 to $8000
2019: medvac law, hw was repealed in December 2019.
hw/ still have a cap
and no substantial policy change
eg. nothing done for offshore detention
Catholic Church actions for Climate Change (positive)
- met with the biggest oil companies (shell, BP) and they gave a statement calling for govt action to deal w CC
- June 2015 papal encyclical Laudato Si: influenced outcome of Paris Agreement and said to have influenced Poland to sign up to Paris (bc very catholic)
-church divested in fossil fuel
