u3 aos 2

Question 1

inputs light dependent

Answer 1

light
12 H2O
12 NADP+
18 ADP + Pi
chlorophyll

Question 2

outputs light dependent

Answer 2

6 O2
12 NADPH
18 ATP

Question 3

light dependent where

Answer 3

thylakoid membrane

Question 4

what happens light dependent

Answer 4

light excites electrons in chlorophyll making them move out into the thylakoid lumen. to replace these, water donates its electrons, splitting the molecule into O and H2

Question 5

inputs light independent

Answer 5

6 CO2
12 NADPH
18 ATP

Question 6

outputs light independent

Answer 6

C6H12O6
12 NADP+
18 ADP + Pi
6 H2O

Question 7

what happens light indepenent

Answer 7

calvin’s cycle
CO2 enters, is fixed by rubisco and splits into two 3-carbon molecules
ATP and NADPH used
Carbohydrate (for glucose formation) forms and exits
Recycling of the leftover carbon molecule (RuBP)

Question 8

what is Rubisco

Answer 8

rubisco acts as an enzyme that incorporates carbon dioxide into an organic molecule during the first stage of the Calvin cycle.

Question 9

why is Rubisco flawed + where does it occur more

Answer 9

Rubisco has the active site that can accept but O2 and CO2, which causes the plant to undergo photorespiration rather than photosynthesis, decreasing the amount of glucose being produced
- wasted energy

it occurs more in hotter and drier conditions

Question 10

what influences Rubisco

Answer 10

temperature - rubiscos affinity to bind to CO2 is more when temperatures are regular or lower

substrate concentration - when theres more CO2 in the environment, Rubisco will bind more to CO2 compared to O2

Question 11

C4 plants

Answer 11

C4 plants have their light dependent and independent reaction in seperate cells, minimising O2 from the area where Rubisco would be operating more efficiently

In C4 plants, initial carbon fixation occurs in a mesophyll cell, however, the remaining
Calvin cycle occurs in specialised cells called bundle-sheath cells

Question 12

how do C4 plants undergo photosynthesis

Answer 12

1. CO2 enters mesophyll and gets bound to PEP by the PEP carboxylase to create a oxaloacetate
2. oxaloacetate is converted into malate to be transported onto the bundle sheaths
3. in the bundle sheets, the malate breaks down to release CO2, and enters the Calvin cycles and create glucose
4. pyruvate is formed by the breakdown of malate, and is transported back to the mesophyll cell to be converted into PEP with the help of ATP
5. the cycle continues

Question 13

CAM plants

Answer 13

CAM plants open up their stomatas at night to intake CO2 and store it in the plants as oxaloacetate, which then gets used once there is light and photosynthesis occurs

Question 14

how do CAM plants undergo photosynthesis

Answer 14

1. at night, the stomata opens to bring in CO2
   - CO2 gets fixed to PEP to create oxaloacetate
2. converted into malate and stored until day time
3. the malate is transported out of the vacuole, and broken down to produce CO2
4. enters the Calvin cycle

Question 15

what is the calvin cycle

Answer 15

Carbon dioxide is fixed by rubisco in a series of reactions using NADPH and ATP to produce glucose and water

Question 16

how does light affect photosynthesis (wavelength)

Answer 16

colours close to green are not going to be absorbed as much as ones further away

red and blue are more likely to be absorbed than yellow

Question 17

how does light affect photosynthesis (intensity)

Answer 17

light powers the light dependent reaction, meaning that more light is usually more better

Question 18

how does temperature affect photosynthesis

Answer 18

in C3 plants, high temperatures decrease rate of photosynthesis, but there isn’t that much of a impact on C4 and CAM plants

higher temperature increase the amount of collisions, but above optimal temperatures, enzymes denature

Question 19

what is aerobic cellular respiration

Answer 19

cells create energy in the form of ATP from a series of biochemical reactions, involving the breakdown of glucose

Question 20

what is the equation for aerobic cellular respiration

Answer 20

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H20 +30/32 ATP

Question 21

what is the process of aerobic cellular respiration

Answer 21

glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain

Question 22

glycolysis inputs + outputs

Answer 22

inputs:
glucose
ADP + pi
NAD+

outputs:
pyruvate
2 ATP
NADP

Question 23

what happens in the glycolysis + where does it happen

Answer 23

occurs in the cytosol

glucose breaks down into 2 pyruvate molecules, that creates ATP and NADP

NADH and pyruvate gets transferred to the mitochondria

Question 24

krebs cycle inputs + outputs

Answer 24

inputs:
2-acetyl-CoA
ADP + Pi
NAD+
FAD+

outputs:
CO2
2 ATP
NADH
FADH2

Question 25

what happens in the krebs cycle + where it occurs

Answer 25

occurs in the matrix of a mitochondria
energy is extracted from aceltyl of acetyl-CoA, breaking it down and reusing CoA
The protons and electrons are loaded onto the NAD+ and FAD to make NADH and FADH2

Question 26

electron transport chain + where it occurs

Answer 26

occurs in the membrane of the mitochondria (cristae)

energy from the electrons unloaded by NADH and FADH2 generates a proton gradient that drives significant ATP production

Question 27

inputs + outputs electron transport chain

Answer 27

inputs:
oxygen (O2)
26 or 28 ADP + 26 or 28 Pi
NADH
FADH2

outputs:
water (H2O)
26 or 28 ATP
NAD+
2 FAD+

Question 28

how may ATP is produced overall

Answer 28

30 or 32

Question 29

why does anaerobic fermentation occurs

Answer 29

anaerobic respiration occurs when there is limited oxygen in the environment, to where aerobic respiration can not occur.

this is because oxygen is needed at the end of the electron transport chain to take the extra H+ ions to make water

Question 30

animal anaerobic fermentations steps + where is it located

Answer 30

Cytoplasm
1. breakdown of glucose by glycolysis into pyruvate
2. lactic acid fermentation
- breaking down pyruvate into lactic acid

Question 31

animal + yeast anaerobic fermentations inputs + outputs

Answer 31

input: glucose

output (animal): ATP and lactic acid

output (yeast): ATP, ethanol, and CO

Question 32

how does glucose influence cellular respiration

Answer 32

increasing glucose increases cellular respiration until saturation point

Question 33

how does oxygen influence cellular respiration

Answer 33

Increasing the concentration of oxygen will increase the rate of aerobic respiration until saturation (of glucose)

Question 34

how does temperature influence cellular respiration

Answer 34

above wanted temp/pH: denature
below wanted pH: denature
below wanted temp: less kinetic energy -> less reactions