U2T4 - Keywords

Question 1

Hydrophytes

Answer 1

Adapted to live in water. Have adaptations to minimise gas exchange, especially since tissues are under water.

Question 2

Arid

Answer 2

Having little or no rain.

Question 3

Aerenchyma

Answer 3

Large air spaces.

Question 4

Diurnal

Answer 4

Difference between hottest and coldest part of the day.

Question 5

Competitors

Answer 5

Organisms compete for a resource which is in short supply, this results in a winner + a loser.

Question 6

Intraspecific Competition

Answer 6

Organisms of the same species are competing for a resource.

Question 7

Interspecific Competition

Answer 7

Organisms of different species’ are competing for a resource.

Question 8

Ecological Niche

Answer 8

Organism’s role within ecosystem. What it feeds on, where it lives, climatic + edaphic factors it prefers + competition.

Question 9

Competitive Exclusion Principle

Answer 9

No 2 organisms can occupy the same niche. If they do, it’d be competition + one species would have to lose.

Question 10

Sampling

Answer 10

Ways to estimate the amount/abundance of organisms present in particular habitat.

Question 11

Density

Answer 11

Number of individuals present, usually sampled using quadrats, most common way of sampling animals. Not suitable for all plants as some are hard to decipher where they start + end/

Question 12

Percentage Cover

Answer 12

Usually for plants as difficult to distinguish between individuals, gives an estimation.

Question 13

Frequency

Answer 13

Species recorded as present/absent at certain sampling point. Pin frames/point quadrats often used for this. 5% frequency = 5% pins used touched species. If a number of species touch pin, then they are also recorded.

Question 14

Percentage frequency

Answer 14

Indicates percentage of all quadrats/sampling points in which a species occurs in.

Question 15

Random Sampling

Answer 15

If area to be sampled is uniform/absence of clear pattern in species distribution, this is used. It avoids bias. Grid set out using tape measures at right angles, random numbers generated by calculator. Assuming distribution is relatively even.

Question 16

Systematic Sampling

Answer 16

Used when zonation/clear transition from one habitat type to another occurs. Along a line or transect.

Question 17

Line Transect

Answer 17

Sampling continually at intervals along transect line (tape). Only those touching tape are counted.

Question 18

Belt Transect

Answer 18

Sampling along transect line using quadrats rather than tape. Percentage cover represented by line graph, histogram or kite diagram.

Question 19

Interrupted Belt Transect

Answer 19

Sampling at intervals along overall transect due to large distance. e.g. Sand Dune 1km+. Several belt transects at intervals within overall transect. Use kite diagram for data especially if more than 1 organism present. Otherwise can use line diagram or bar chart.

Question 20

Abiotic Factors

Answer 20

Non-living/physical factors. e.g. soil moisture, soil organic content, soil temp, soil pH + light intensity.

Question 21

Edaphic Factors

Answer 21

Factors that relate to the soil.

Question 22

Biotic Factors

Answer 22

Factors linked to living organisms. e.g. competition from other organisms + grazing.

Question 23

Relative Light Intensity

Answer 23

e.g. Light reaching group in certain habitat as % of light reaching open group.

Question 24

Pitfall Traps

Answer 24

Samples small group animals. Must sink trap sufficiently into soil so edge not above ground level, check regularly to avoid predation by other organisms.

Question 25

Sweep Nets

Answer 25

Hold net with hoop end nearest to group in front, plane of hoop perp to you, swing side to side 180deg arc, one stroke per step. Tilt net opening so lower rim edge slightly ahead of upper rim. In short vegetation, swing deeply. In tall vegetation, sweep deep enough to keep upper edge opening even with plant tops. No more than 10 inches below plant tops. Same net for diff areas, not field edges.

Question 26

Pooters

Answer 26

Sample small insects for viewing + identifying in lab.

Question 27

ACFOR

Answer 27

How common something is. Abundant, Common, Frequent, Occasional + Rare.

Question 28

Abundant

Answer 28

More than or equal to 51%.

Question 29

Common

Answer 29

26 to 50%

Question 30

Frequent

Answer 30

12 - 25%

Question 31

Occasional

Answer 31

6 - 11%

Question 32

Rare

Answer 32

Less than 6%.

Question 33

Adaptation

Answer 33

The process of change by which an organism/species becomes better suited to its environment.

Question 34

Behavioural Adaptation

Answer 34

The things organisms do to survive.

Question 35

Physiological Adaptation

Answer 35

Internal systematic responses to external stimuli in order to help an organism maintain homeostasis.

Question 36

Morphological Adaptation

Answer 36

A structural feature that aids in fitting a species to its particular environment.

Question 37

Aeration

Answer 37

The process by which air is circulated through, mixed with or dissolved in a liquid or substance.

Question 38

Competition

Answer 38

Interaction between animal or plant species, or individual organisms, that are attempting to gain a share of a limited environmental resource.

Question 39

Quadrat

Answer 39

A portable frame, typically with an internal grid, used to mark out a square area for sampling.

Question 40

Reliability

Answer 40

The degree to which the result of a measurement, calculation, or specification can be depended on to be accurate.

Question 41

Validity

Answer 41

The quality of being logically or factually sound.

Question 42

Accuracy

Answer 42

The quality or state of being correct or precise.

Question 43

Precision

Answer 43

The quality, condition, or fact of being exact and accurate

Question 44

Homeostasis

Answer 44

The tendency towards a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes.