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Year 11 Biology Unit 2 > U2T2 - Infectious Disease > Flashcards

U2T2 - Infectious Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Disease

A

Any condition impairing the normal function of an organism

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2
Q

What is a Pathogen?

A

An infectious agent that passes between individuals causing disease.

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of a non-infectious disease

A

Not caused by pathogens and not passed between people.

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4
Q

T or F: Mutations are a type of infectious disease

A

False - mutations are non-infectious

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5
Q

What are mutations?

A

Incorrect formations of gametes

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of Non-infectious disease?

A

Mutation, Nutritional, environmental

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7
Q

T or F: Diabetes 2 is a type of nutritional disease

A

True

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8
Q

What is an example of environmental non-infectious disease?

A

Chemicals, radiation

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of an infectious disease?

A

Caused by pathogens

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of pathogens?

A

Primary pathogens, opportunistic

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11
Q

T or F: Opportunistic pathogens cause disease whenever they are present.

A

False - Opportunistic pathogens cause disease when the host’s defenses are weakened.

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12
Q

What are the 2 classes of diseases

A

Cellular (living) and Acellular (non-living)

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13
Q

What are the 4 types of cellular diseases?

A

Bacteria, Fungi, Protists, Parasites

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14
Q

T or F: Bacteria is pathogenic

A

True

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15
Q

What do fungi entail/are made of?

A

Molds, yeast

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16
Q

What are protists?

A

Diverse organisms that cause disease, from multicellular to unicell

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17
Q

T or F: Parasites live off their host

A

True

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18
Q

What are the 2 types of parasites?

A

Endoparasite, ectoparasite

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19
Q

T or F: Ectoparasites live on the inside of their host?

A

False - Ectoparasites live on the outside of their host

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20
Q

What are the 2 types of Acellular diseases?

A

Virus and Prions

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21
Q

What are the characteristics of a viruses?

A

Diseases that cannot reproduce on their own and has its DNA enclosed in a protein shell

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22
Q

T or F: Priors is similar to mutations

A

True - both are a form of poor replication

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23
Q

What are prior diseases?

A

Abnormal forms of protein that cause neurodegenerative diseases

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24
Q

Define Contagious?

A

The act of transmission through direct contact

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25
Q

Describe virulence

A

The ability of a pathogen to cause disease

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26
Q

T or F: Carriers remain infectious and can be ill/sick

A

False - Carriers remain infectious but are not ill/sick

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27
Q

What is the incubation period?

A

The time between the infection and onset of disease/symptoms

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28
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

Biological mechanisms leading to diseased states

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29
Q

Define virulence factors

A

Factors helping pathogens invade hosts, cause disease and evade defences

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30
Q

Name the 5 virulence factors

A

Adherence factors, invasion factors, capsules, toxins, lifecycle changes

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31
Q

What is the reason of the adherence factors?

A

The mucus present on cell walls is removed regularly, meaning the pathogens must adhere to the cells and multiply before swept away

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32
Q

What are 3 invasion factors?

A

Surface components, enzymes to damage host tissue, enzymes to breakdown immunglobin

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33
Q

Why do capsules affect virulence?

A

Act as protection for pathogen DNA, resistant to phagocytosis

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34
Q

Define toxins

A

chemical substances negatively impacting biofunction of host

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35
Q

What are the 2 types of toxins

A

Endotoxins and exotoxins

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36
Q

T or F: Endotoxins are on the inside of bacteria

A

False - Endotoxins found on outside of the bacteria

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37
Q

What do exotoxins do?

A

Produce protein toxins and enzymes to destroy host defences

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38
Q

What are antigens?

A

Molecules eliciting immune responses

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39
Q

What are the 2 classifications of antigens?

A

Self or Non-self

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40
Q

Where are antigens found?

A

On the surface of cell membranes

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41
Q

T or F: Self antigens elicit an immune response

A

False - self-antigens do not elicit an immune response

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42
Q

T or F: Non-self antigens are foreign to the body

A

True

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43
Q

T or F: Red Blood Cells possess basic antigen capacities

A

True

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44
Q

What do A, B, AB, and O blood types refer too?

A

The type of glycoproteins/antigens present on the Red Blood Cells

45
Q

What are antigens with overreactions to no danger called?

A

Allergens

46
Q

T or F: antigens carry toxins to elicit immune responses

A

True

47
Q

How many lines of defence are their against pathogens?

A

3

48
Q

What is the first type of barrier against pathogens?

A

Physical/chemical barrier e.g. hair, mucus

49
Q

What is the 2nd type of barrier against pathogens?

A

Non-specific (innate) e.g. leukocytes, phagocytosis

50
Q

T or F: the 3rd type of defence is innate

A

False - the 3rd type of defence is adaptive/production of antibodies

51
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

Immune responses with no immunological memory

52
Q

What are the characteristics of innate immunity?

A

Non specific, rapid, all animals, fixed responses, no immunological memory

53
Q

T or F: Innate immunity is specific, meaning it targets specific antigens

A

False - Innate immunity is non-specific, meaning it doesn’t target specific antigens

54
Q

What do complement proteins do?

A

When activated trigger cascades of other complement proteins and attract phagocytic cells, cause holes in bacterial membranes

55
Q

What is the role of cytokines?

A

Signal in response to cell damage and pathogen presence, activate lymphocytes and macrophages

56
Q

Where are leukocytes found?

A

In blood and tissues

57
Q

What do leukocytes do?

A

Receptors to recognise pathogenic patterns.

58
Q

T or F: Prostaglandins cause vasodilation which leads to heat, redness, swelling and pain

A

True

59
Q

What releases prostaglandins

A

Physical and chemical agents

60
Q

T or F: Prostaglandins can be similar to hormones

A

True

61
Q

What does histamine do?

A

Boosts blood flow which increases concentration of innate immunity components

62
Q

How many types of leukocytes types are there?

A

8

63
Q

T or F: the majority of leukocytes perform phagocytosis

A

True

64
Q

What do natural killer leukocytes produce?

A

cytotoxic chemicals and cytokines

65
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

Immunity that is specific and involves immunological memory

66
Q

Define lymphocytes?

A

Types of white blood cells formed in bone marrow

67
Q

What are the 2 types of lymphocytes

A

Humoral (b-cells) and Cell mediates (t-cells)

68
Q

What do B-cells do?

A

Produce antibodies

69
Q

What are the 4 types of T-cells

A

Helper, cytotoxic, memory and regulartory

70
Q

T or F: helper t-cells produce cytokines

A

True

71
Q

What type of t-cells kill foreign antigens?

A

Cytotoxic

72
Q

What do memory t-cells do?

A

Antigens that are specific that persist after infection

73
Q

T or F: regulatory t-cells secrete cytokines

A

False - Regulatory t-cells suppress the immune response

74
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Immunoglobins that are specific to antigens

75
Q

How do B-cells work?

A

They bind to antigens and create antibodies specific to that antigen

76
Q

What are the functions of antibodies?

A

Neutralisation of toxins, agglutination (binding antigens together and activation phagocytosis)

77
Q

How are antigens recognised?

A

Helper t-cells are activated by macrophages, which then activate b-cells or more t-cells

78
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

B-cells being triggered and binding to antigens with antibodies

79
Q

The first encounter with an antigen is the primary immune response, what remains after this encounter?

A

Memory B-cells and T-cells

80
Q

What are all encounters called after the first one?

A

Secondary immune responses

81
Q

How is passive immunity built?

A

It is based down in the placenta/birth, it is short lasting

82
Q

T or F: Active immunity is built from natural exposure

A

True

83
Q

What is Artificial passive immunity

A

Infected with antiserum that holds specific antibodies, normally after birth

84
Q

How is active immunity achieved artificially?

A

Infected with vaccines that hold the antigen, therefore artificial exposure.

85
Q

What is the concept of herd immunity?

A

If enough people are immune/vaccinated, then pathogen cannot spread

86
Q

What are some examples of disease transmission medians?

A

Water, poo, direct/skin contact, air transmission

87
Q

What is the definition of direct contact transmission?

A

From Human direct to human

88
Q

T or F: A person getting sick from a petting zoo is direct contact transmission?

A

False - indirect contact transmission

89
Q

T or F: Speed and intensity of disease transmission is linked to transport hubs?

A

True

90
Q

Name 4 factors affecting immunity/transmission?

A

Lifecycle of pathogens, transmission factors, herd immunity concentration, mobility/travel of infected.

91
Q

What is the rating scale used to rate transmission?

A

Amount of people infected from 1 person

92
Q

What does R5 mean?

A

Means it is expected 5 people will be infected by this disease per infected person.

93
Q

T or F: Bad hygiene improves disease spread?

A

True

94
Q

Name some examples of good hygiene practices.

A

Washing hands, avoid coughing, cleaning common items

95
Q

T or F: 50% of infections involve transmission through hands.

A

False - 80% use transmission through legs

96
Q

What is contact tracing?

A

Following an infected persons actions and visited places to follow spread of disease.

97
Q

T or F: closing schools/workplaces improves disease spread?

A

False - hinders it

98
Q

T or F: Temperature screening provides early indicators of disease?

A

True

99
Q

What is the most effective controlling measure of disease spread?

A

Quarantine

100
Q

T or F: Reduction of mass gatherings reduce disease spread??

A

True

101
Q

What do neutrophil leukocytes do?

A

Phagocytosis, releases antimicrobial compounds, attracts immune cells

102
Q

What do Macrophage leukocytes do?

A

phagocytosis, releases cytokines, present antigens

103
Q

What do monocytes leukocytes do?

A

phagocytosis

104
Q

What do dendritic leukocytes do?

A

phagocytosis, have large SA, present antigens

105
Q

What do basophils leukocytes do?

A

Release histamine, limited phagocytosis

106
Q

What do Eosinophil leukocytes do?

A

Present antigens, produce cytokines, perform limited phagocytosis, largely focus on parasites

107
Q

What do mast leukocytes do?

A

Handle inflammation, vasodilation, produce histamines, limited phagocytosis

108
Q

What do natural killer leukocytes do?

A

Recognise/identify virus/cancer cells, produce cytotoxic chemicals, produce cytokines

Year 11 Biology Unit 2 (2 decks)

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