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Year 11 Biology Unit 2 > U2T1 - Homeostasis > Flashcards

U2T1 - Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

Processes that keep a constant internal environment.

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2
Q

Name different factors affecting homeostasis (7)

A

Body Temp, Water concentration, ion balance, blood pH, blood pressure, Heart Rate, hypothalamus.

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3
Q

What do receptors do?

A

Detect changes in external or internal environment.

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4
Q

Where do you find Exteroreceptors?

A

Close to surface of body

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5
Q

T or F: All organisms have receptors?

A

True

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6
Q

T or F: All organisms have the same number of receptors?

A

False - different number and types based on the organism

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7
Q

What does baroreceptors detect?

A

Pressure in blood vessels

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8
Q

What does proprioreceptor detect?

A

Movement in muscles

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9
Q

What does chemoreceptor detect?

A

Changes in blood concentrations e.g. O2, CO2

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10
Q

T or F: Chemoreceptor detects change in blood pressure?

A

False, baroreceptors detect change in blood pressure

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11
Q

What does thermoreceptor detect?

A

Change in temperature

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12
Q

What does electroreceptor detect?

A

change in electric current

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13
Q

T or F: Electroreceptors are more prominent in aquatic organisms

A

true

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14
Q

What does photoreceptor detect?

A

Change in light

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15
Q

What does Nocireceptor detect?

A

damage/pain stimuli

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16
Q

T or F: Homeostasis is achieved through feedback loops

A

True

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17
Q

T or F: Receptors change stimuli

A

False - Receptors detect stimuli

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18
Q

Name the 5 components for the control/reaction system.

A

Stimuli, Receptor, Input, Output, Response/effectors

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19
Q

What are the 2 main Effectors?

A

Muscles and Glands

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20
Q

How do muscles react to stimuli?

A

Contract base on stimuli

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21
Q

How do glands react to stimuli?

A

Produce hormones

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22
Q

T or F: Glands contract to react to stimuli

A

False - Glands produce hormones based on stimuli

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23
Q

What are the main differences between Positive and Negative feedback loops?

A

Negative Positive
Inhibitory Stimulatory
Counter Enhance
Homeostatic Rare

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24
Q

T or F: Positive Feedback loops inhibit stimuli

A

False - Positive Feedback Loops enhance stimuli.

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25
Q

What is an example of Positive Feedback Loops?

A

Childbirth - hormones cause contractions which cause more hormones which …

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26
Q

Name the 2 different Neural Systems

A

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

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27
Q

What makes the CNS?

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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28
Q

What is the role of the CNS?

A

Relay messages and process information

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29
Q

What makes up the PNS?

A

Nerves and Receptors

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30
Q

What is the role of the PNS?

A

Detect stimuli and activate effectors.

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31
Q

T or F: Motor Neurons handle input into the CNS

A

False - Motor neurons handle the output for the CNS

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32
Q

What do sensory neurons do?

A

Receive input from the receptors.

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33
Q

T or F: Information from receptors to CNS is called afferent

A

True

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34
Q

T or F: Motor neurons go from the CNS to effectors

A

True

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35
Q

Which way is information travelling if it is efferent?

A

From CNS to effectors.

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36
Q

What are the 2 types of motor neurons?

A

Somatic and Automatic

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37
Q

What do Somatic neurons control?

A

Skeletal Muscle

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38
Q

What does ANS stand for (Neurons)

A

Automatic Nervous System

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39
Q

What does the ANS do?

A

regulates involuntary movement

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40
Q

How does the ANS trigger involuntary movement?

A

Smooth Muscle

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41
Q

What are the 2 divisions ANS is broken up into?

A

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic

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42
Q

What does the Parasympathetic system do?

A

Handle involuntary functions in times of rest/low energy, e.g. heart rate

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43
Q

T or F: The Sympathetic system handles heart rate

44
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system also known as?

A

Flight or fight

45
Q

What are neurons?

A

Specialised cells in the nervous system

46
Q

Name the 3 types of neurons

A

Motor, Sensory, Interneurons

47
Q

T or F: Motor neurons have their nucleus at the end?

48
Q

T or F: Sensory neurons have their nucleus perpendicular from the myelin sheath.

49
Q

T or F: Interneurons have their nucleus at the end of the myelin sheath.

A

False - interneurons nucleus at in the middle of 2 dendrites

50
Q

Which types of neurons have dendrites?

A

all of them

51
Q

What does the myelin sheath do?

A

Protect the electrical current in the neuron

52
Q

What do the terminals do for neurons?

A

Pass on the electrical current/pulse

53
Q

T or F: Axons are a pathway for nerve impulses?

54
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

Receive electrical impulses from other neurons.

55
Q

What do the Nodes of Ramderm do?

A

They are the gaps in the axon.

56
Q

What is the Basal Metabolic Rate?

A

Number of calories needed to keep body functioning at low energy/rest

57
Q

Define metabolism

A

Any chemical reaction in the body

58
Q

What are the 2 types of reactions in the body?

A

Catabolic, anabolic

59
Q

T or F: Anabolic reactions break down matter

A

False - Anabolic reactions build matter

60
Q

What do catabolic reactions do?

A

Break down matter

61
Q

What are the 3 stages of catabolism?

A

Digestion, energy released, energy storage

62
Q

What process does catabolism share stages with?

A

Cellular respiration

63
Q

What does digestion do in catabolism?

A

Breaks down complex molecules into monomers

64
Q

How does catabolism release energy?

A

Breaking down and moving monomers into cells - active transport.

65
Q

What byproduct is created during anabolism?

66
Q

T or F: Anabolism creates energy

A

False - anabolism uses energy to bond monomers.

67
Q

What is the difference between optimum range and tolerance range

A

Optimum range is when the body functions perfectly, tolerance range is when the body can survive.

68
Q

What does the Endocrine system control.

A

Hormone/chemicals

69
Q

T or F: Endocrine system works with Nervous system

70
Q

What secretes/makes hormones?

A

Glands and organs

71
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A signaling molecule

72
Q

How do hormones work

A

They act with receptors in target cells.

73
Q

What system/s transport hormones?

A

Circulatory and lymphatic

74
Q

What are the 3 classes of hormones?

A

Lipid, protein, amino acid

75
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Triggers hormone production from neural impulses and detects internal changes

76
Q

How does the hypothalamus trigger hormone production?

A

Releases hormone to stimulate pituitary gland.

77
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

Signal all other glands

78
Q

What does the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland do?

A

Transfers hormones from the hypothalamus into the body.

79
Q

T or F: The Anterior Lobe receives hormones from the hypothalamus.

A

False - receives electrical impulses and sends hormones through the endocrine system.

80
Q

Define cell sensitivity

A

The number of hormone receptors in a cell.

81
Q

What is the difference in upregulation and downregulation with receptors?

A

Upregulation increases concentration of receptors, while downregulation decreases receptors.

82
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

Regulation of internal body temperature

83
Q

How does thermoregulation work?

A

Alters metabolic activity or behavior to increase/decrease body temperature.

84
Q

T or F: Ectotherms generate heat internally

A

False - Ectotherms rely on external heat sources

85
Q

How do Endotherms regulate body heat?

A

Generate heat metabolically

86
Q

T or F: Endotherms use negative feedback loops to regulate body heat

87
Q

What detects external changes in temperature?

A

Thermoreceptors

88
Q

What detects internal changes in temperature?

A

Hypothalamus

89
Q

How does the body handle internal changes in temperature?

A

Dilate/contraction of blood vessels

90
Q

Name the 4 types of heat loss

A

Conduction, Convection, Radiation, Evaporation

91
Q

What is the most used type of heat loss in the human body?

92
Q

What are the 4 structural features for thermoregulation?

A

Body insulation, vascular body parts, brown fat, higher mitochondria cells

93
Q

How does body insulation affect thermoregulation?

A

Thick layers of skin/hair/blubber increases SA:V ratio to conserve heat

94
Q

How do vascular body parts affect thermoregulation?

A

Bring blood close to surface to efficiently release heat

95
Q

T or F: Higher mitochondria count decreases body temperature.

A

False - higher mitochondria increases metabolism therefore increasing body temperature

96
Q

T or F: Brown fat has a high mitochondria concentration.

97
Q

T or F: Brown fat is present in animals who experience hibernation

98
Q

What are the 3 types of behavioral features affect thermoregulation?

A

Kleptothermy (huddling), Torpor (hibernation), adaptations.

99
Q

What is kleptothermy?

A

Sharing body heat, e.g. cuddling

100
Q

What is torpor?

A

lowering metabolic rate, e.g. hibernation

101
Q

Name some behavioral adaptations for thermoregulation.

A

Shelter, panting, drinking water

102
Q

Define osmoregulation

A

The regulation of water and solute concentrations

103
Q

What are osmoregulators?

A

Organisms that maintain body fluid concentrations

104
Q

T or F: Osmoconformers change body fluid concentrations base on environment

105
Q

T or F: Kidneys are unimportant in osmoregulation

A

False - Kidneys regulate the reabsorption of water

106
Q

What does the antidiuretic hormone do?

A

Increases permeability of the nephron.

Year 11 Biology Unit 2 (2 decks)

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