U2- Electrochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

displacement

A

an element displaces another element from a compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

addition

A

one molecule attaches to another across a double bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

decomposition

A

a substance breaks down into one or more smaller particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

condensation

A

produces a small molecule byproduct, usually water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

oxidation

A

loss of electrons
increases in oxidation number
gain O2/ loss of H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

reduction

A

gain of electrons
decreases in oxidation number
loss of O2/ gain of H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what type of reaction is a redox reaction

A

displacement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

oxidant/ oxidising agent

A

reactant that cause another substance to be oxidised (what is reduced)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

reductant/ reducing agent

A

reactant that causes another substance to be reduced (what is oxidised)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

oxidation number

A

measure of electron density around an atom, compared to its elemental form (sign b4 no.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ox rule: 1

A

sum of oxidation numbers = total charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ox rule 2 and 3

A

2: F= -1
3: G1= +1, G2= +2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ox rule 4

A

H bonded to non metals = +1
H bonded to metal = -1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Ox rule 5

A

Oxygen = -2 unless in peroxides the O= -1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ox rule 6

A

If 2 or more different G7 elements present, more electronegative one is -1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

KOHES

A

Key element
balance oxygens
balance hydrogens
balance charges by adding electrons
STATES
(separate into 2 half equations)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

why do oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously during any redox

A

bc any loss of e by one substance must be accompanied by a gain in e by something else

18
Q

conjugate oxidant/reductant

A

substance produced when a reductant loses/ oxidant gains e, containing the element that has increased/decreased in oxidation number

19
Q

standard redox conditions

A

all solutions = 1M
all gases @ 1atm
all solids = pure
electrode= made of reductant if it is solid and conductive otherwise inert electrode eg graphite or platinum

20
Q

salt bridge

A

structure containing free-moving unreactive ions that provides a connection bw two half cells. (often filter paper soaked w KNO3)

21
Q

electrochemical series

A

higher on left= oxidants at cathode that are preferentially reduced
lower on right= reductants at anode that are preferentially oxidised

22
Q

predicting spontaneous reaction: electrochemical series

A

if oxidant is higher in the series than reductant, reaction will occur
\
\

23
Q

anode

A

site of oxidation
galvanic cell= negative (bc a loser)
electrolytic cell = positive (bc PANIC)

24
Q

cathode

A

site of reduction
galvanic cell= positive
electrolytic cell = negative (bc PANIC)

25
Q

galvanic cells vs direct contact

A

direct contact: nag released in the form of heat
galvanic cell: nag released in the form of electrical energy

26
Q

cell potential

A

difference bw standard electrode potential value of the cathode and that of the anode
= E (cat or oxidant) - E (anode or reductant)
(NEVER MULTIPLY BY MOLES)

27
Q

electrical potentual

A

pressure with which electrons are forced around the circuit

28
Q

standard cell notation

A

anode I conj oxidant II oxidant I cathode
or (if inert electrodes)
anode I reductant, conj oxidant II oxidant, conj reductant I cathode

29
Q

galvanic vs electrolytic

A

G. E
produce e. Consume e
ions spontaneously react ions don’t spontaneously react
convert chem nrg -> e nrg convert e nrg -> chem nrg
anode = neg; cathode = pos anode = pos; cathode = neg

30
Q

conjugate redox pair

A

two substances (one oxidant and one reductant) that share an atom (or atoms) that have gained or lost electrons

31
Q

applications of electrolysis

A

electrolysis of water
production of reactive metals
production of the substances
electroplating
electrorefining

32
Q

electrolysis of water

A

diaphragm/ separator may be required bc products are able to spontaneously react

33
Q

extraction of AL

A

treat bauxite (Al2O3) with NaOH to remove impurities
Dissolve Al2O3 in molten cryolite (Na3AlF6)- cryolite has a lower mp vs alumina which reduces operating costs
electrolyse using graphite electrodes

side reaction: C(s) +O2 (g) –> CO2 (g)

34
Q

why are graphite electrodes used and why do they have to be replaced regularly

A

inert + cheap + high MP
react w oxygen produced in side reaction to form CO2 gas

35
Q

why does Al sink to the bottom during extraction

A

denser than cryolite

36
Q

corrosion + rusting

A

corrosion= disintegration of a metal as a result of a redox chemical reaction
rusting= specific eg involving iron

37
Q

role of water droplet in rusting

A

enables ion transfer between the anodic site and cathodic site

38
Q

prevention of the corrosion of iron

A

barrier: remove O2 or water from system eg paint
chemical: coat iron with more reactive metal that preferentially oxidises vs iron

39
Q

commercial batteries

A

galvanic, storage cells the favour spontaneous redox reactions producing e current.
reactant chemicals are not replenished and eventually run out

40
Q

electroplating

A

metal substance to be electroplated @ cathode

41
Q

electrorefining

A

purifying metals
eg impure copper anode + pure copper cathode
anodic sludge formed