U1-Organic Flashcards
polar
an uneven distribution of charge
functional group
an atom or group of atoms in an organic molecule that largely determine the molecules properties and reactions eg -COOH, -OH, NH2
hydrocarbon
a compound that contains carbon and hydrogen only eg alkanes and alkenes
homologous series
a series of compounds with similar properties and the same general formula,( in which each member contains one CH2 unit more than the previous member)
structural isomer
a compound with the same molecular formula but different structures
alkanes
CnH2n+2 saturated hydrocarbon tetrahedral geometry burn in O2 --> CO2 and H2O does not decolourise bromine water
alkenes
CnH2n unsaturated hydrocarbon planar geometry burns in O2 --> CO2 and H2O decolourise bromine water (orange to colourless)
alkynes
CnH2n-2 unsaturated hydrocarbon linear geometry burns in O2 --> CO2 + H2O doesn't decolour bromine water (triple bond stronger than double bond)
alcohols
hydroxyl group
-anol
contain one -O-H
hydration of ethene or fermentation of glucose
primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, tertiary alcohol
1°= carbon with -OH is bonded to one other carbon (can oxidise to form carboxylic acids and ketones) 2°= carbon with -O-H is bonded to two other carbons (can oxidise to form ketones) 3°= carbon with O-H is bonded to three other carbons (can't oxidise to form anything
carboxylic acids
carboxyl group
- oic acid
- COOH
aldehydes
carbonyl functional group -al C=O bond at C1 always named from C1 tf do not need a no. -CHO at 'hyde'
ketones
-one
carbonyl group
doubt covalently bonded O atom in the middle of the chain (not on the outskirts)
Priority naming
PREFIX. NAME. SUFFIX.
carboxy- Carboxylic acid (-oic acid)
alkoxycarbonyl- Ester (-oate)
amido- Amide (-amide)
formyl- Aldehyde (-al) oxo- Ketone (-one) hydroxy- Alcohol (-ol) amino- Amine (-amine) alkenyl- Alkene (-ene) alkynyl- Alkyne- (-yne) alkyl- Alkane (-ane)
(chloro, bromo ect- haloalkanes)
esters
-OCO-
-yl -oate
ester linkage
amide
-CONH2
-amide
amido-
amide linkage (mid) -CONH-
amide group (end) -CONH2-
amines
R-NH2
-amine
amino-
amine group
haloalkane
substitution reactions
fluoro-
bromo-
iodo-
the strength of dispersion forces bw hydrocarbon molecules is greater (when) ….
the closer the molecules are to one another (how closely they can pack depends on their shape
the larger the molecules- more regions of electrostatic forces of attraction that can occur bw molecules
polarities
inform the type of intermolecular bond that will form
solubility in water
small alcohols amines aldehydes carboxylic acids are able to form H bonds w water tf are soluble
water dissolves organic molecules by forming dipole dipole attractions and H bonds with them
*fuel
a substance that burs in air or oxygen to release a usable amount of energy
complete combustion
plentiful supply of air/ O2 in excess:
hydrocarbon + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
incomplete combustion
supply of O2/ air is poor:
hydrocarbon + oxygen -> carbon monoxide + water
-> carbon (soot) + water
(carbon monoxide = slightly insufficiency)
(soot = severe insufficiency)
substitution:
alkane + halogen ->
conditions: UV light
haloalkane
(substitute 1 at a time)
substitution:
haloalkane + hydroxide ions (or metal hydroxides)
condition: strong base
alcohol + halogen ion
why can alkenes undergo addition reactions
bc they have a double bond
alkene + hydrogen halogen ->
haloalkane
alkene + hydrogen ->
conditions: Ni catalyst and 150C
alkane
alkene + water ->
conditions: phosphoric acid catalyst, 300C, 60-70atm
alcohol
formation of ethanol (both ways)
from steam: C2H4 + H20 -(60-70atm, H3PO4 catalyst, 300C)-> C2H5OH
from glucose: C6H12O6 -(yeast catalyse [zymase])-> 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH
uses of ethanol
solvent in perfumes, inks, glues
fuel
make esters (use in food flavouring)
alcoholic drinks
oxidation of primary alcohols
conditions: H+/MnO4 (acidified permanganate) or H+/Cr2O7 (acidified dichromate)
partial: alcohol -> aldehyde
full: alcohol -> carboxylic acid
oxidation of secondary alcohols
condition: H+/Cr2O7
alcohol -> ketone
formation of esters
condensation esterification reaction (reversible)
conditions: concentrated H2SO4
alkanol + acid -(H2SO4) < - > ester + water
polymer
polymerisation
molecular chain made from many repeating monomers
under pressure + w a catalyst, double bond breaks-> bond bw molecules
thermoplastic
(polymer): chains loosely tangled together no cross links low melting point can be remoulded eg: plastic bag, cling wrap
thermosetting
(polymer): cross links between chains much higher melting pionts cannot be remoulded rigid and inflexible eg kitchen bench coverings, outer layer on flat pack furniture
elastomers
(polymer): can be stretched or deformed regain their shape only a few cross links sulphur bridges between some of chains eg rubber, which is 'vulcanised' by adding sulphur
LDPE
low density PolyEthene: formed under high temp + pressure amorphous (branched chains that don't fit) low melting point soft + flexible used to make carrier bags, Glad wrap
HDPE
High Density PolyEthene: formed using catalyst at lower temps chains X branched fit together much better than LDPE more crystalline and less amorphous forms harder substances, used to make wheelie bins, classroom chairs
haloalkane + water
alcohol + hydrogen halide
