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Sociology > U2 AOS4 - CRIME > Flashcards

U2 AOS4 - CRIME Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Crime

A

An offence which causes harm and is punishable by the State on behalf of the general public.

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2
Q

The 5 types of crime

A
  1. Crime against a person
  2. Crime against property
  3. Victimless crime
  4. White collar crime
  5. Corporate crime
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3
Q

Crime against a person + 2 examples

A

Acts including threatening, harassing or injuring another person or depriving them of their freedom

E.g. murder, battery

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4
Q

Crime against property + 2 examples

A

Damage or destruction of homes, businesses and land, as well as burglary and theft of vehicles

E.g. breaking and entering, grand theft auto

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5
Q

Victimless crime + 2 examples

A

Crimes that do not directly harm others except the offender themselves

E.g. illegal drugs, gambling

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6
Q

White collar crime + 2 examples

A

Financially motivated crimes committed by a person of respectability within a corporation

E.g. tax fraud, embezzlement

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7
Q

Corporate crime + 2 examples

A

Crimes committed by large corporations which can impact individuals, groups, other corporations and society as a whole.

E.g. environmental violation, labor exploitation

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8
Q

The two types of crime against a person

A

Fatal and non–fatal

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9
Q

Why are victimless crimes often not victimless? Give an example.

A

Victimless crimes are often not victimless because even though the offender may be engaging in consensual activities, it can negatively impact others.

For example, if a gambler loses their life savings and has a family that relies on them, it could put the entire family in poverty.

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10
Q

How do conflict theorists view crime?

A

Conflict theorists looks to various factors that underpin an individual’s likelihood toward criminal behaviour.

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11
Q

How do functionalists view crime?

A

Functionalists view crime as a necessary and inevitable part of a society.

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12
Q

What are Durkheim’s four roles of deviance?

A
  1. Clarify Moral Boundaries
  2. Affirming Cultural Norms and values
  3. Unifying Society
  4. Encouraging Social Change
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13
Q

How do conflict theorists view Durkheim’s four roles of deviance?

A

Conflict theorists see Durkheim’s four roles as evidence of inequality and social issues that need to be addressed in order to prevent crime from occurring in the first place.

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14
Q

The four factors of crime (PARA)

A
  1. Poverty
  2. Addiction
  3. Rebellion
  4. Abuse
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15
Q

How does poverty cause crime?

A

Poverty limits opportunities, making people resort to crimes like theft or drug dealing to survive or improve their lives.

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16
Q

How does addiction cause crime?

A

Addiction impairs judgment, leading to crimes to sustain addiction like theft and drug trafficking.

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17
Q

How does rebellion cause crime?

A

Rebellious behaviour, like vandalism or truancy, often leads to delinquency due to defiance of rules and societal norms.

18
Q

How does abuse cause crime?

A

Abuse victims may commit crimes as a response or in self defence, often involving violence.

19
Q

The four principles of sentencing (PPPT)

A
  1. Parsimony
  2. Proportionality
  3. Parity
  4. Totality
20
Q

Parsimony

A

Sentence must be no more severe than necessary to meet the purposes of sentencing

21
Q

Proportionality

A

Overall punishment must be proportionate to the gravity of the offending behaviour.

22
Q

Parity

A

Similar sentences should be imposed for similar offences committed by offenders in similar circumstances.

23
Q

Totality

A

Ensures that when an offender has multiple sentences, the overall sentence should be fair and appropriate based on all their offences

24
Q

Restorative justice

A

Refers to repairing the harm caused by criminal behaviour.

(Was introduced as a way to combat the increasing imprisonment rates.)

25
Q

The three restorative justice practices

A

1.Sentencing circles
2. Victim–offender mediation
3. Conferencing

26
Q

Sentencing circles

A

Victim, offenders and supporters discuss on a resolution, promoting accountability and healing.

27
Q

Victim offender mediation

A

A mediator helps victims and offenders talk and understand each other, encouraging healing and accountability.

28
Q

Conferencing

A

Victims, offenders, supporters, and a facilitator work together to address harm and find solutions.

29
Q

Punishment + example

A

Usually involves a consequence involving pain or loss

E.g. losing money through a fine

30
Q

The four aims of punishment (DRRS)

A
  1. Deterrence
  2. Retribution
  3. Rehabilitation
  4. Societal protection
31
Q

Deterrence

A

Aims to prevent future crimes by showcasing consequences to deter people.

32
Q

Retribution

A

Aims for justice by matching penalties to the crime, ensuring offenders “pay” for their actions.

33
Q

Rehabilitation

A

Aims to reform offenders and help them reintegrate into society.

34
Q

Societal protection

A

Aims to protect society by keeping offenders away from the public, preventing them from causing further harm.

35
Q

Reintegrative shaming

A

Condemns the crime but not the person, providing the offender with the opportunity to rejoin society as a law-abiding citizen

36
Q

Stigmatisation

A

Focuses not only on the actual act committed, but on the person as a whole, hindering reintegration back into society and increasing the likelihood of recidivism.

37
Q

Recidivism

A

Refers to the likelihood of a convicted criminal to reoffend after serving a sentence or undergoing rehabilitation.

38
Q

Recidivism rate in Australia

A

Around 44%

39
Q

Who coined reintegrative shaming?

A

John Braithwaite

40
Q

Two types of shaming

A
  1. Reintegrative shaming
  2. Stigmatisation

Sociology (2 decks)

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