U2 AOS3 - DEVIANCE

Question 1

Deviance

Answer 1

Behaviour that violates and deviates from social norms

Question 2

Sanctions

Answer 2

Society’s reactions to behaviours.

Question 3

Why is media a social construct?

Answer 3

It is a social construct as is influenced by the biases, prejudices and assumptions of their creators.

Question 4

Moral panic

Answer 4

The intensity of feeling expressed in a population about an issue that appears to threaten the social order.

Question 5

Folk devils

Answer 5

Those who supposedly threaten the social order.

Question 6

Moral entrepreneur

Answer 6

Those who start moral panic when they fear a threat to current social or cultural values.

Question 7

Relativity of deviance

Answer 7

What constitutes as deviance depends on time and space.

Question 8

Social norms

Answer 8

The ways that we are expected to behave in particular situations or contexts.

Question 9

Positive sanctions

Answer 9

Used to reward behaviours that adhere to social norms.

Question 10

Negative sanctions

Answer 10

Used to control or punish deviant behaviour.

Question 11

Legal sanctions

Answer 11

Written down by law, used to try and control the behaviour.

Question 12

Informal deviance

Answer 12

Involves the breaking of a social norm, but no actual law is being broken.

Question 13

Formal deviance

Answer 13

Involves the breaking of an actual codified law.

Question 14

5 stages of a moral panic

Answer 14

1. Concern
2. Hostility
3. Consensus
4. Disproportion
5. Volatility

Question 15

Mediated Culture

Answer 15

The idea that culture is created through mass media.

Question 16

Self–Fulfilling Prophecy

Answer 16

When a person decides to further engage in deviant behaviour that reinforces and fulfils the label given to them

Question 17

Interactionist theory coined by…

Answer 17

Howard Becker

Question 18

Interactionist theory is..

Answer 18

Argues that crime is a social construct and that an act only becomes deviant when others perceive and label it to be deviant.

Question 19

Durkheim’s functionalist view on deviance

Answer 19

A necessary and inevitable part of a society that contributes to social order and does this through the four roles of deviance.

Question 20

The four roles of deviance

Answer 20

1. Clarify Moral Boundaries
2. Affirming Cultural Norms and values
3. Unifying Society
4. Encouraging Social Change

Question 21

Clarifying moral boundaries

Answer 21

When certain behaviours cross a moral threshold, they can be negatively sanctioned formally or informally.

Question 22

Affirming cultural norms and values

Answer 22

When we can learn to understand what societies norms and values are through the use of positive sanctions.

Question 23

Unifying society

Answer 23

When we affirm to each other that we’re an “us” and the deviants are “them” by reacting in similar ways to something that seems ‘deviant’.

Question 24

Encouraging social change

Answer 24

When people perform deviant acts as a crucial service in helping the law to reflect the wishes of the population and legitimising social change.

Question 25

Durkheim argues that all social change begins with some form of deviance…

Answer 25

…in order for changes to occur, yesterday’s deviance becomes today’s norm.

Question 26

Social control theory coined by…

Answer 26

Travis Hirschi

Question 27

Social control theory

Answer 27

Argues that deviance occurs when a lack of restraint and social control exists and that behaviour can be regulated via the use of positive and negative sanctions

Question 28

Hirschi’s four core principles

Answer 28

1. Attachment
2. Belief
3. Commitment
4. Involvement

Question 29

Attachment

Answer 29

Measures our connections to others.

Question 30

Belief

Answer 30

An agreement on common values within a society.

Question 31

Commitments

Answer 31

Investments we make in the community.

Question 32

Involvement (like commitments but macro)

Answer 32

Levels of involvement, or participation in socially legitimate activities.

Question 33

Two types of social constraints

Answer 33

Inner/informal and outer/formal

Question 34

Informal constraint

Answer 34

Refers to our immediate agents of socialisation such as family, friends and community

Question 35

Formal constraint

Answer 35

Refers to structures within society including law enforcement, schools and government.

Question 36

Pygmalion affect

Answer 36

The idea that high expectations, such as labelling, can lead to improved performance due to strong commitments and attachments

Question 37

Two types of social controls

Answer 37

Positive and negative social controls

Question 38

Positive deviance

Answer 38

Refers to behaviours that exceed normal standards in a positive way.

Question 39

The 6 types of positive deviance

Answer 39

1. Altruism
2. Supra–conformity
3. Ex–deviance
4. Charisma
5. Innate characteristics
6. Innovation

Question 40

Altruism

Answer 40

Refers to people who have voluntarily helped a person or group to benefit others.

Question 41

Supra conformity

Answer 41

Refers to performing beyond normal expectations to the point of an idealised level.

Question 42

Ex–deviance

Answer 42

Refers to people that have transcended the criminal identity label as they assume a new role.

Question 43

Charisma

Answer 43

Refers to people who have unique personal characteristics and are natural leaders that reach objectives.

Question 44

Innate characteristics

Answer 44

Innate characteristics Refers to people who possess culturally–valued natural traits such as beauty, talent, and intelligence.

Question 45

Innovation

Answer 45

Refers to people who have new ideas or creations.

Question 46

Deviancy amplification

Answer 46

Refers to when labelling deviant behaviour unintentionally intensifies deviance.

Question 47

Positive deviance was coined by

Answer 47

Druann Heckert