U2-4 Discovering New Worlds, Earth's Interior, and Landscapes and Surface Processes Flashcards
When did our Solar System form?
4.6 billion years ago
When did Venus form?
4.6 billion years ago
Compared to the terrestrial planets, the Jovian planets are
less dense and more mass
What are the Jovian planets?
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune
What are the terrestrial planets?
Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars
If the P-wave of an earthquake shakes a town 4 minutes after the earthquake starts at the epicenter, how far away is the town from the epicenter?
2,000 km
As a quartz pebble is transported by a stream, the pebble will become more rounded as a result of
abrasion by colliding with other rocks
Which three minerals are most likely used in the construction of a house?
selenite gypsum, dolomite, and muscovite mica
The topographic map below shows a portion of a volcanic island in the Pacific Ocean. Elevations are shown in feet. Letters A and B represent locations on Earth’s surface. Locations A and B are 2.5 miles apart (see figure). What is the approximate gradient from point A to point B on the island?
2000 ft/mi
Which two rocks usually consist of only one mineral, but may contain additional minerals?
quartzite and dunite
Which rock has never melted, but was produced by
great heat and pressure, which distorted and
rearranged its minerals?
metaconglomerate
The map below shows a portion of the North Carolina coastline, including some of the Outer Banks. The Outer Banks is a string of narrow barrier islands consisting of well-sorted sand along the Atlantic Ocean coast (see figure).Which agent of erosion is primarily responsible for the formation of these barrier islands?
wave action
The photograph below shows a magnified view of a portion of a rock that can float if placed in water. Which term best describes this rock (see figure)?
A) non-crystalline and vesicular
B) coarse and non-vesicular
C) elastic and fragmental
D) foliated and banded
A.) non-crystalline and vesicular
Using chemical symbols, state the chemical composition of the mineral found in limestone.
— CaCO3
— Ca, C, and O
— CaMg(CO3)2
Compared to sediments deposited by meltwater from a glacier, describe the difference in the arrangement of the sediment deposited directly by a glacier.
— unsorted
— mixed piles
— not layered
Describe the most likely shape of the cross section of a valley formed as a result of erosion by a mountain glacier.
— U-shaped
— wide valley with
steep sides
Describe the relationship between the thickness of a glacier and its rate of movement downhill.
As the thickness
of a glacier increases, the rate of
movement increases.
Explain why Pluto and its five moons are considered to be part of our solar system
— Pluto and its five
moons revolve
around the Sun.
— All go
around/orbit the Sun.
The cross section below represents a portion of Earth’s interior beneath point Y. On this cross section,
draw an arrowhead on each of the four bold lines, to represent the direction of the convection currents
in the asthenosphere.
Identify the name of Pluto’s moon that most likely has an orbit farthest from Pluto. Explain how the data indicate that this moon’s orbit has the greatest distance from Pluto.
— Hydra has the
longest period of
revolution.
— As a moon’s
distance from Pluto
increases, the time
to make one
revolution also
increases.
— Hydra travels the
greatest distance in
its orbit because it
has the longest
period of revolution.
Describe the shape of the orbit of Pluto and the orbits of its five moons.
— elliptical
— The orbits are
eccentric.
— The orbits are
nearly, but not
perfectly, circular.
— oval
— Pluto’s orbit is
elliptical, and the
moons of Pluto have
a more nearly
circular orbit.
State the compass direction and distance in feet (ft) from point Y to point Z (see figure).
Compass direction:
— SW, —
Southwest, — SSW
Distance: — Any
value from 3800 to
4200 ft.
Identify the New York State landscape region where Cuba Lake is located.
— Allegheny
Plateau, —
Appalachian
Plateau, —
Appalachian
Uplands
On the map above, complete the 30-foot water depth isoline from point W to point X.
See figure
C
See figure
D
See figure
D
Which layers of Earth’s interior are represented by letters A and B? See figure.
A) A is the crust and B is the rigid mantle.
B) A is the lithosphere and B is the asthenosphere
C) A is the asthenosphere and B is the crust.
D) A is the rigid mantle and B is the lithosphere
B
What is the approximate velocity in kilometers/second of the P-waves at a depth of 1000 kilometers? See figure.
A) 6.2 km/s
B) 7.2 km/s
C) 11.3 km/s
D) 13.8 km/s
C
Some locations within layer C have an inferred density of (see figure):
A) 3.4 g/cm3
B) 5.6 g/cm3
C) 11.5 g/cm3
D) 12.9 g/cm3
D
Which is a possible surface temperature of this star at point 2? (see figure):
A) 3000 K
B) 5000 K
C) 7000 K
D) 10,000 K
C
Between points 1 and 3, this star is visible to observers on Earth because it emits light energy. This energy is released by the process of nuclear fusion when:
A) dust collides with the star
B) dust is broken apart by radiation
C) lighter elements combine to form heavier elements
D) heavier elements are broken down to form lighter elements
C
The streambank at location B is steeper than the streambank at location A because the water near
location B is moving (see figure)
A) slower than the water near location A, causing more erosion
B) slower than the water near location A , causing more deposition
C) faster than the water near location A, causing more erosion
D) faster than the water near location A, causing more deposition
C
The area labeled letter X represents a portion of a (see figure):
A) delta
B) sand dune
C) finger lake
D) floodplain
D
Most of the particles deposited where the stream velocity decreases from 50 centimeters per second to 5 centimeters per second are (see figure):
A) small cobbles and large pebbles B) small pebbles and large sand
C) small sand and large silt
D) small silt and large clay
B
Describe the chemical weathering that contributes to the formation of sinkholes. (see figure)
— The acid in water
chemically reacts
with the carbonates
in the rocks.
— Limestone is
chemically altered
and changed into
new materials.
— Slightly acidic
groundwater
chemically breaks
down calcite and/or
dolomite.
— Water flowing
underground
dissolves the
limestone.
Describe the chemical weathering that contributes to the formation of sinkholes. (see figure)
— The acid in water
chemically reacts
with the carbonates
in the rocks.
— Limestone is
chemically altered
and changed into
new materials.
— Slightly acidic
groundwater
chemically breaks
down calcite and/or
dolomite.
— Water flowing
underground
dissolves the
limestone.
delta
area where a river empties into another body of water like a lake or the ocean
flood plain
an area near a river that is low-lying and often floods
drumlin
stretched out, oval shaped hill formed from glacial movement
morraine
unsorted sediment deposited by a glacier
kettle lake
a shallow, sediment filled depression or hole formed from a retreating glacier
oxbow lake
an area where a meander in a stream is cut off from the rest of the stream created a bow-shaped lake
isolines
a line on a map where every point on that line has the same value (ex: elevation, temperature, air pressure)
gradient
a measure of how steep a slope is
sorted vs unsorted
mixed vs unmixed
meander
a bend or curve in a stream
discharge
amount of water passing through a stream
bed load
particles like sand and pebbles transported in a stream by rolling or bouncing along the bottom (not suspended)
alluvial fan
a triangle shaped area of deposited sand and sediment created when a stream encounters hills, mountains, or steep walls of a canyon
