U1T4 - Ecosystems (1) Flashcards

Populations + Communities

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1
Q

How do populations change depending on resources?

A

If enough, stay high + reproduce. Not enough, intra specific competition occurs.

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2
Q

Give an example of population growing in closed conditions.

A

Bacteria growing in nutrient medium in beaker.

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3
Q

How is the pattern of population growth measured?

A

Change in num of organisms.

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4
Q

What are the 4 basic phases of population growth in closed conditions?

A

Lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase + decline phase.

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5
Q

What type of curve is the curve detailing population growing in closed conditions?

A

Sigmoidal curve. e.g. colonising new area, time to reach sexual maturity. Most stay in stationary + don’t reach decline.

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6
Q

Where might you find a J-shaped curve for population growth?

A

Yeast growth in open/continuous culture where waste + dead cells constantly removed + fresh medium added or pop of mammals protected from natural predators to encourage pop growth. Represents biotic potential. Many protoctistan pops have it.

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7
Q

Describe the common curve of protoctista.

A

J shaped curve. Rapid Spring growth as abundant nutrients in water, temp + light increase + few herbivores. Midsummer pop crash (no stationary) as nutrient supply exhausted + herbivores + waste increase.

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8
Q

Why does temperature influence population growth patterns?

A

Determines metabolic rate in organisms + so rate they develop. Rate of increase in exponential phase rises at higher temps but doesn’t influence size of max pop in stationary phase which is determines by resources.

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9
Q

Why has there been no human population crash even though there is a lack of resources in some parts of the world?

A

Aid, healthcare. Reduced infant death + higher life expectancy.

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10
Q

What are 4 factors affecting population growth + size?

A

Birth rate, immigration, death rate + emigration.

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11
Q

What is the formula to estimate change in population size?

A

(Births + Immigration) - (Deaths + Emigration)

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12
Q

What are the equations of:
A population in equilibrium
A growing population
A decreasing population

A

B + I = D + E
B + I > D + E
B + I < D + E

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13
Q

How can the effect of seasonal changes on population growth be represented?

A

Survivorship curves.

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14
Q

Why might population sizes change from year to year?

A

Normal predator-prey relationships, changes in food supply or abiotic factors such as severe temp changes.

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15
Q

Give some examples of R Selected Species’.

A

Bacteria. protoctista, weeds.

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16
Q

Give some examples of K Selected Species’.

A

Large mammals, humans, elephants, oak trees.

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17
Q

What are 3 different types of population interactions?

A

Competition (-/-), Grazing, Parasitism + Predation (+/-) + Mutualism (+/+)

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18
Q

When will competition occur?

A

When there is a limit to the availability of resources such as food, space + water + therefore not enough for all.

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19
Q

What is the effect of competition?

A

It reduces the growth rate of individuals + their repro capacity. Influences carrying capacity.

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of competition?

A

Both species’ do less well when competing for same resource, 1 is eventually eliminated from habitat, winner may utilise resource more efficiently and so be more successful or it may enable it to compete more efficiently, outcome may be determined by environmental conditions.

21
Q

What happens in grazing, parasitism + predation interactions?

A

One species gains whilst the other loses.

22
Q

Why is it advantageous for a parasite not to kill its host?

A

This would result in the parasite being required to find a new host to survive, often it provides the ideal conditions for reproduction + survival.

23
Q

Give examples of parasites.

A

Flea, tapeworm, malarial parasite, common tar spot fungus + Dutch elm disease parasite.

24
Q

Give examples of mutualism.

A

Bacteria in cattle intestine, lichens (made of fungi + algae) + nitrogen fixing bacteria (bacteria live in nodules of legume roots + gain carbs from plants who get amino acids)

25
Q

What are 3 types of organisms which are natural enemies of insect pests?

A

Predators, parasitoids + pathogens.

26
Q

Why are broad spectrum pesticides bad?

A

Don’t work particularly well with pest, may kill many beneficial organisms including natural enemies of pest. Pest can experience pest resurgence.

27
Q

What are the 2 types of succession?

A

Primary + Secondary Successsion

28
Q

What are 3 species types throughout a succession?

A

Pioneer species, intermediate species + climax community.

29
Q

Describe the stages of primary succession.

A

Pioneer plants arrive, colonisers modify abiotic environment during subsequent growth, repro, death + decomp cycles (humus development), habitat can now support more advanced species’ as less hostile as soil forms + plant growth provides shelter for other organisms, larger plants thrive so vegetation height + biomass increases + finally climax community formed as K-Selected species’ present form stable environment.

30
Q

What are some trends as succession develops?

A

Soil depth + fertility increases, species diversity increases (may decrease at maturity), plant biomass increases, more niches, more complex communities + more stable food chains + food webs.

31
Q

What can zonation in sand dunes represent?

A

Development of community over hundreds of years.

32
Q

Why do most successions occur?

A

When normal succession is interrupted by fire, flooding or human activities. Known as secondary succession.

33
Q

Describe secondary succession.

A

Development of community is more rapid as soil already present to support larger plant species’ + some can regenerate or germinate when abiotic conditions become favourable. Many soil organisms still present so climax community reached much faster.

34
Q

What scale can be used to represent the change in nums of microbes over time + why?

A

A logarithmic scale. As increase can be over several orders of magnitude, Time (x) is scaled normally but num (y) has log scale. Special semi log graph paper can be used.

35
Q

Why does the stationary phase and rapid fall of decline phase occur?

A

Resources being non-renewable as nutrients aren’t replaced.

36
Q

Are all predator-prey curves normally so extreme?

A

As the predator usually has multiple sources of prey, it is generally smoother.

37
Q

Why is biological control better than pesticides?

A

No chemical damage to environment or bioaccumulation, only targets pest species, resistance unlikely, resurgence unlikely + needs little add action + saves money on continued use of pesticides if successful.

38
Q

Why does pest resurgence occur when pesticides are used?

A

There are a small num of resistant pests. When pesticide sprayer, not resistant pests all die, resistant reproduce and create an entirely resistant population.

39
Q

What are the limitations of biological control?

A

Pest not totally eliminated, only works if predator can survive in that environment + introduced species must not outcompete native species as causes harm to non target species.

40
Q

What are 4 differences between parasites + predators?

A

Parasites don’t kill the host, whilst predators do.
Parasite lives in/on host whilst predator doesn’t.
Predators have populations which fluctuate more.
Parasites are usually small than host.

41
Q

What is the equation to estimate population size?

A

(N1 x N2) / n
N1 = first total collected
N2 = second total collected
n = number from first in second

42
Q

Why do sand dunes continue to develop?

A

Sand blown by wind/force of sea forms new dunes close to high tide mark.

43
Q

What are dune slacks?

A

Small areas of grassland with degree of protection + rich in moss, ground hugging plants, snails. Best biodiversity. Further inland is heather, then bracken + gorse, then woodland.

44
Q

Why would a scientist use an exponential curve to represent an r selected species population growth?

A

Their growth is unlimited due to plentiful resources and little competition.

45
Q

Why might students get different numbers when counting using a haemocytometer?

A

Flask mightn’t have been swirled properly before they took samples or added too much solution to haemocytometer or samples not obtained from same depth. Counted dead cells.

46
Q

How might a scientist justify the killing of a population of reindeer in an area where they have been introduced for whalers?

A

They’re not native or endangered, species diversity decreased due to them. Whalers don’t need them. Only a few species successful.

47
Q

How might a farmer increase carrying capacity for a crop species?

A

Fertiliser or draining.

48
Q

If scientist are considering designating an area as a nature reserve because it contains a new species of grasshopper, what should they further investigate first?

A

Whether they migrate away at diff seasons, sample diff habitats to see if they are anywhere else, analyse repro rates, determine if they’re a pest.