U1T4 - Ecosystems (1) Flashcards
Populations + Communities
How do populations change depending on resources?
If enough, stay high + reproduce. Not enough, intra specific competition occurs.
Give an example of population growing in closed conditions.
Bacteria growing in nutrient medium in beaker.
How is the pattern of population growth measured?
Change in num of organisms.
What are the 4 basic phases of population growth in closed conditions?
Lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase + decline phase.
What type of curve is the curve detailing population growing in closed conditions?
Sigmoidal curve. e.g. colonising new area, time to reach sexual maturity. Most stay in stationary + don’t reach decline.
Where might you find a J-shaped curve for population growth?
Yeast growth in open/continuous culture where waste + dead cells constantly removed + fresh medium added or pop of mammals protected from natural predators to encourage pop growth. Represents biotic potential. Many protoctistan pops have it.
Describe the common curve of protoctista.
J shaped curve. Rapid Spring growth as abundant nutrients in water, temp + light increase + few herbivores. Midsummer pop crash (no stationary) as nutrient supply exhausted + herbivores + waste increase.
Why does temperature influence population growth patterns?
Determines metabolic rate in organisms + so rate they develop. Rate of increase in exponential phase rises at higher temps but doesn’t influence size of max pop in stationary phase which is determines by resources.
Why has there been no human population crash even though there is a lack of resources in some parts of the world?
Aid, healthcare. Reduced infant death + higher life expectancy.
What are 4 factors affecting population growth + size?
Birth rate, immigration, death rate + emigration.
What is the formula to estimate change in population size?
(Births + Immigration) - (Deaths + Emigration)
What are the equations of:
A population in equilibrium
A growing population
A decreasing population
B + I = D + E
B + I > D + E
B + I < D + E
How can the effect of seasonal changes on population growth be represented?
Survivorship curves.
Why might population sizes change from year to year?
Normal predator-prey relationships, changes in food supply or abiotic factors such as severe temp changes.
Give some examples of R Selected Species’.
Bacteria. protoctista, weeds.
Give some examples of K Selected Species’.
Large mammals, humans, elephants, oak trees.
What are 3 different types of population interactions?
Competition (-/-), Grazing, Parasitism + Predation (+/-) + Mutualism (+/+)
When will competition occur?
When there is a limit to the availability of resources such as food, space + water + therefore not enough for all.
What is the effect of competition?
It reduces the growth rate of individuals + their repro capacity. Influences carrying capacity.