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CCEA AS Biology Unit 1 > U1T2 - Keywords > Flashcards

U1T2 - Keywords Flashcards

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1
Q

Metabolism

A

The chemical processes which occur within a living organism to maintain life.

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2
Q

Enzymes

A

Biological catalysts which speed up reactions in the body without being used up.

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3
Q

Highly substrate specific

A

Substrate must be complementary to the active site.

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4
Q

Active site

A

The place where a substrate attaches to on an enzyme.

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5
Q

Complementary

A

Fits the shape exactly.

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6
Q

Substrate

A

The molecule an enzyme must catalyse which fits into its active site.

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7
Q

Cofactors

A

Non protein part of a conjugated protein. Essential for the enzyme to function properly.

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8
Q

Inhibitor

A

Chemicals which stop or slow down the work of enzymes.

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9
Q

Catabolism

A

Breakdown of molecules.

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10
Q

Anabolism

A

Building up of molecules.

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11
Q

Prosthetic groups

A

Cofactor which is tightly bound permanently to enzyme (usually metal ion)

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12
Q

Coenzymes

A

Organic molecules which bind temporarily to enzyme.

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13
Q

Lock + Key Model

A

Active site of enzyme is complementary to substrate shape, products released as they aren’t complementary to active site shape.

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14
Q

Induced Fit Model

A

Active site of enzyme closely matches shape of substrate but can mould around substrate and so is flexible. It puts pressure on substrate which breaks bonds, lowering activation energy. Products released as they aren’t complementary to active site which then returns to original shape. Only catalyes one substrate.

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15
Q

Activation energy

A

Minimum amount of energy required to raise substrate molecules to their transition state.

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16
Q

Transition state

A

The point when molecules react and the products are formed immediately. High energy intermediates (ES)

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17
Q

Enzyme-substrate complex

A

High energy, unstable intermediates which form momentarily.

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18
Q

Intermediates

A

Molecular entity formed from reactants to give direct products of reaction.

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19
Q

Enzyme-product complex (EP)

A

When enzyme and products are together.

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20
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy in motion

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21
Q

Optimum

A

The best temp/pH/concentration where the rate of reaction Is the highest possible.

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22
Q

Denature

A

The shape of the active site of the enzyme is changed as a result of hydrogen + ionic bonds being broken in the tertiary structure which is permanent + irreversible.

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23
Q

Limiting factor

A

A factor in a reaction which will stop the rate increasing further as it is lacking and so the rate levels off.

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24
Q

Turnover number

A

The number of substrate molecules that one molecule of enzyme can turn into products in 1 minute.

25
Q

Enzyme Inhibitor

A

A substance which interferes with enzyme action, reducing enzyme activity directly/indirectly by affecting the function of the active site.

26
Q

Competitive inhibition

A

It has the same shape as the substrate so is complementary to the active site. It will bind to the active site to prevent substrate binding and effectively renders it useless. It is reversible as more substrate reduces effect, more inhibitor increases effect.

27
Q

Allosteric enzymes

A

Enzyme with site other than active site where molecules can attach.

28
Q

Non-competitive inhibition

A

Inhibitor attaches itself to a different area of an allosteric enzyme, changing the shape of the active site so it is no longer complementary to the substrate and this is irreversible so has an increased effect to competitive inhibition.

29
Q

Biomarkers

A

A naturally occurring molecule/gene/characteristic which identifies a particular process/disease.

30
Q

Heart attack

A

Coronary thrombosis (blocked coronary arteries)

31
Q

Myocardium

A

The muscular tissue of the heart

32
Q

Myocardial infarct

A

A scar in the muscular tissue of the heart caused by a heart attack as part of it has died.

33
Q

Active Site Directed Inhibitors

A

Competitive inhibitors which attach to the active site.

34
Q

Hypertension

A

High blood pressure caused by constricted blood vessels.

35
Q

ACE

A

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor

36
Q

MOI

A

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors

37
Q

Adsorption

A

Enzyme is attached to inert substance (glass/matrix) by weak forces.

38
Q

Entrapment

A

Enzymes are trapped within polymers (alginate beads/microspheres)

39
Q

Encapsulation/enmeshment

A

Enzymes trapped inside selectively permeable membrane (nylon)

40
Q

Cross-linkage

A

Enzymes covalently bonded to matrix (cellulose) as a result of a chemical reaction

41
Q

Immobilised enzymes

A

Enzymes stuck onto something to stop them moving around.

42
Q

Biosensors

A

A device which uses a biological material in the detection of a substance of interest.

43
Q

Clinistix

A

Glucose specific testing strip to measure glucose in urine samples to test blood sugar levels for diabetics.
Diagnostic reagent strip using an enzume.

44
Q

Reagent stick

A

Test strip containing immobilised enzymes.

45
Q

Lactose

A

Intrinsic sugar in milk.

46
Q

Lactase

A

Enzyme which catalyses breakdown of lactose.

47
Q

Lactose Intolerance

A

When you cannot produce lactase to break down lactose.

48
Q

Continuous flow processing

A

Milk continuously pours through enzyme beads + doesn’t have to be purified so the product is continually produced.

49
Q

hCG

A

Glycoprotein called Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin which is a hormone released from placenta just after implantation.

50
Q

Antibody

A

A blood protein produced in response to an antigen which bonds with foreign substances.

51
Q

ELISA

A

Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

52
Q

Heavy metal ions

A

Dangerous pollutant metals due to effect on enzymes.

53
Q

COPD

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder

54
Q

Endergonic Reaction

A

Reaction which requires more energy than you get from it, absorbs energy from its surroundings. e.g. endothermic.
Unfavorable/nonspontaneous reaction.

55
Q

Exergonic Reaction

A

Reactions which releases energy into its surroundings e.g. exothermic
Spontaneous/favourable reaction.

56
Q

Colorimeter

A

An instrument for measuring the intensity of colour. (percentage transmission)

57
Q

Sputum

A

Thick liquid which is coughed up from the respiratory tract when someone coughs. i.e. phlegm

58
Q

Diagnostic

A

Allowing the identification of medical or other concerns.

59
Q

Blood serum

A

Blood plasma with fibrinogen removed to prevent clotting.

CCEA AS Biology Unit 1 (14 decks)

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