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CCEA AS Biology Unit 1 > U1T1 - Keywords > Flashcards

U1T1 - Keywords Flashcards

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1
Q

Bioelements

A

Natural element producing chem comps for living organisms.

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2
Q

Polar

A

Unevenly distributed charges

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3
Q

Non-polar

A

Evenly distributed charges.

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4
Q

Solvent

A

Liquid that dissolves solute.

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5
Q

Lamella

A

Membranes folded in chloroplasts.

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6
Q

ATP

A

Adenine Triphosphate

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7
Q

Organic compounds/molecules

A

Chem comps with rings/chains of carbon

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8
Q

Covalent bonds

A

2 atoms have a shared pair of electrons. Very strong.

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9
Q

Condensation

A

Removing a water molecule to make a bond.

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10
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Adding water molecule to break a bond.

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11
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

Covalent bond that joins carb molecules to another group.

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12
Q

Hexose sugar

A

Sugar with 6 carbon atoms per molecule.

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13
Q

Structural isomers

A

Same molecular formula but diff structural formula

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14
Q

A1,4 glycosidic bond

A

OH group sticks down from ring. Links C1 + C4.

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15
Q

B1,4 glycosidic bond

A

OH group sticks up from ring. Links C1 + C4.

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16
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Simple sugar, formula of (CH20)n. Sweet, soluble + crystalline.

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17
Q

Disaccharide

A

2 monosaccharides combined. Condensation reactions form their glycosidic bonds.

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18
Q

Polysaccharide.

A

Many monosaccharides bonded by glycosidic bonds (macromolecule)

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19
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

Single bonds between carbon atoms, max num of hydrogen atoms.

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20
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid

A

1+ double bonds between carbon atoms.

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21
Q

Triglyceride

A

3 fatty acids + glycerol joined by ester bonds

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22
Q

Micronutrients

A

Trace elements

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23
Q

Ionic bonding

A

Bond between polar elements (metal + non-metal)

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24
Q

Cations

A

+ charged ions

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25
Q

Anions

A
  • charged ions
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26
Q

Chlorosis

A

Yellowing of leaves

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27
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribose nucleic acid

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28
Q

Nucleotides

A

Molecules made up of pentose sugar, phosphate group + nitrogenous base.

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29
Q

Rickets

A

Lack of calcium leading to holey bonds, knock knees etc.

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30
Q

Buffer

A

Chem which resists pH changes to ensure always optimum.

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31
Q

Benedicts test

A

Semi-quantitative test for reducing sugars.

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32
Q

Phospholipids

A

Similar to triglycerides. Ionised phosphate group, polar.

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33
Q

Phosphodiester bond

A

Bond between pentose sugar + phosphate molecule of next molecule.

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34
Q

Anti-parallel

A

Run in opposite directions to each other

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35
Q

Chromosome

A

Tightly packed DNA wound round histone.

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36
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Green pigment which absorbs light for photosynthesis.

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37
Q

Active transport

A

Movement of ions against concentration gradient (higher to lower) assisted by enzymes

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38
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

Reaction where energy is released

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39
Q

Turgidity

A

Helps plant cells keep structure

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40
Q

Monomers

A

Molecule that can join to other monomers to form polymer.

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41
Q

Polymers

A

Chain like macromolecule of many repeating monomers joined.

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42
Q

Polymerisation

A

Process of joining monomers to create a polymer.

43
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Organic molecule made of carbon, hydrogen + oxygen.

44
Q

Fructose

A

Hexose sugar, sweetest.

45
Q

Lactose

A

Sugar in milk.

46
Q

Maltose

A

First product of starch digestion. Broken into glucose for respiration. Brewing + food manufacture as malt.

47
Q

Sucrose

A

Sugar transported from leaves to growth areas, not reducing. Soluble transport carb in plants.

48
Q

Reducing sugar

A

Sugar that can reduce due to free aldehyde group. More easily broken down.

49
Q

Amylose

A

Linear, unbranched chain of a-glucose molecules by 1,4 g bonds.Coiled to spiral, held together by h bonds.

50
Q

Amylopectin

A

Branched molecule of 1,4 and 1,6 a-glucose monomers.

51
Q

Glycogen

A

Storage carb in animal + fungal cells. Contains a-glucose.

52
Q

Microfibril

A

Fine fibril with glycoproteins + cellulose.

53
Q

Cellulose

A

Polymer of b-glucose units. Insoluble.

54
Q

Pentose sugar

A

5 carbon sugar

55
Q

Micelles

A

Spherical structures that occur when phospholipids are mixed with water.

56
Q

True lipids

A

Esters of fatty acids + glycerol, formed by condensation reactions.

57
Q

Peptide bond

A

Bond between 2 amino acids.

58
Q

Dipeptide

A

2 amino acids joined together

59
Q

Primary structure

A

Sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain.

60
Q

Secondary structure

A

When parts of polypeptide chain take shape after formation at ribosome. Folded/twisted.

61
Q

Tertiary structure

A

3D shape. Unique. Made perm by 4 types of bonds.

62
Q

Hydrophobic interactions

A

When hyrophobic tails point in and hydrophilic heads point out and h bond with surrounding water molecules.

63
Q

Globular proteins

A

Spherical tertiary structure,

64
Q

Quaternary structure

A

2+ polypeptide chains bond. e.g haemoglobin becomes conjugated protein

65
Q

Disulphide bridges

A

Bonds which hold polypeptide chains together.

66
Q

Prosthetic group

A

Non-protein group which joins to a protein made of polypeptide chains (quaternary)

67
Q

Conjugated protein

A

Protein + prosthetic group

68
Q

Fibrous protein

A

Polypeptides in parallel chains, linked to form long fibrous sheets.

69
Q

Collagen

A

3 polypeptide chains twisted into helix. Very strong.

70
Q

Prosthetic group

A

Non-protein group which joins to a protein made of polypeptide chains (quaternary) which is necessary for function

71
Q

Glycoprotein

A

Conjugated proteins

72
Q

Prions

A

Disease causing proteins. Protinaceous infectious particles.

73
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Enzyme which catalyses DNA polymerisation of nucleotides to form polynucleotide chain.

74
Q

Semi-conservative replication

A

DNA replication. One strand conserved, one new.

75
Q

DNA helicase

A

Separates 2 DNA strands, uses ATP. Allows nucleotides to attach.

76
Q

DNA ligase

A

Joins polynucleotide pieces together.

77
Q

Replication forks

A

Areas where DNA replication occurs.

78
Q

Rf

A

Retardation factor.

79
Q

Ester bond

A

Carboxyl group of fatty acid + hydroxyl group of glycerol.

80
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Many repeating nucleotides.

81
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid

82
Q

Complementary base pairing

A

The way nitrogenous bases pair up (purine to pyrimidine) in order to ensure there is equal width in a DNA molecule.

83
Q

Element

A

A substance containing only one type of atom.

84
Q

Molecule

A

Two or more atoms chemically bonded.

85
Q

Compound

A

A molecule containing 2+ diff elements.

86
Q

Ion

A

An atom/group of atoms with electric charge due to loss/gain of 1+ electrons.

87
Q

Macromolecule

A

Big molecule (e.g. carb/lipid/protein/nucleic acid) consisting of smaller molecules linked together.

88
Q

Adhesion

A

H bonds let water create multiple bonds with other polar molecules so it can climb e.g. capillary action.

89
Q

Cohesion

A

H bonds let water create multiple bonds with itself so it sticks together. e.g. surface tension (belly flop)

90
Q

Density anomality

A

The fact that ice is less dense than water.

91
Q

High specific heat

A

Water needs lots of energy to break its hydrogen bonds so it takes a lot for its temp to increase.

92
Q

Colloid/colloidal suspension

A

When a layer of water forms on top of molecules which don’t dissolve, meaning they stay dispersed.

93
Q

Fatty acid

A

Composed of C,H,O + carboxyl group at one end.

94
Q

Glycolipids

A

Combination of carbohydrate and lipid

95
Q

Lipoproteins

A

Lipid + protein. Large + water soluble.

96
Q

Nucleoside

A

Bond between nitrogenous base and deoxyribose molecule, glycosidic bond.

97
Q

Organic macromolecules

A

A large molecule made of subunits with carbon originating in living organisms.

98
Q

Trioses

A

Monosaccharide with (CH2O)3 formula.

99
Q

Heptose

A

Monosaccharide with 7 carbon atoms.

100
Q

Tensile strength

A

Ability of a material to withstand being stretched before breaking.

101
Q

SSS

A

Single (bonds) saturated (triglyceride) solid (at room temp).

102
Q

DUL

A

Double (bonds) unsaturated (triglyceride) liquid (at room temp).

103
Q

Deoxyribose

A

Soluble carb which is a component of DNA.

CCEA AS Biology Unit 1 (14 decks)

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