U1AOS2 - Metalanguage II Flashcards
prosodic features
volume pitch tempo stress intonation *combine pitch and volume
volume
the loudness which speech is spoken
pitch
the frequency of someone’s voice (high, medium or low)
relative and depends on the individual speaker
tempo
the speed at which the sound is produced
stress
refers to the syllables that have greater pronunciation in a word or phrase
intonation
the way pitch and volume change over a string of words (rising or falling usually)
patterning
alliteration
assonance
onomatopeia
alliteration
the occurence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of the adjacent or closely connected words (consonant)
assonance
when a series of words all start with the same vowel
vocal effects
coughs
laughter
breath (can be used to make an impact or emphasise a point)
lexical meaning
connotations
denotation
connotations
emotional and imaginative association of a word being used
go above and beyond literal meaning
can be positive or negative depending on the context
denotation
the literal meaning of a word
semantic patterning
L.I.P.P.O.M.A.S lexical ambiguity irony pun personification oxymoron metaphor animation simile
lexical ambiguity
when it isn’t possible to determine the meaning of a lexeme
irony
when a speaker states one thing for an opposing or contradictory meaning to create humor
pun
a play on the meaning of words
personification
gives human qualities to non human things
oxymoron
combines two contradictory words for special effect
metaphor
a figure of speech in which one thing is said to be another
animation
a type of metaphor giving life or movement to inanimate delusions
simile
an expression comparing two things using ‘like’ or ‘as’
features of spoken discourse
opening closing adjacency pairs overlapping speech interrogative tag discourse particles
opening
beginning of conversations e.g. hello
closing
at the end of a conversation -> the opposite of opening
adjacency pairs
two related functionally turns made by the speakers
e.g. invitation … acceptance (or rejection)
overlapping speech
where two or more conversational participants simultaneously talk
interrogative tags
also known as a question tag
usually create a yes or no question at the end of a statement
e.g. isn’t it?
discourse particles
a part of speech which doesn’t add semantic meaning but allows us to signal our reactions, emotions and tensions
e.g. ‘well’ or ‘like’
spoken discourse management strategies
topic management taking the floor holding the floor passing the floor - often managed with intonation
topic management
how participants in a conversation decide what to talk about
the person leading the conversation may be influential in picking the topic than others
taking the floor
where a participant starts speaking in place of another and begins their ‘turn’
reflects register purpose and context
holding the floor
where a participant continues speaking to prevent another speaker from taking the floor
passing the floor
the moment a participant invites another to speak and take the floor
non fluency features
repair false start pause pause filler repetition
repair
when a speaker repairs an error
false start
when a speaker has already started an utterance but changes their mind/hesitates about what they want to say
pause
a break in spoken tests where a speaker breaks and takes time to think
pause filler
lexemes such as ‘so’ and ‘err’ used to indicate a speaker isn’t finished
aka a filled pause
repetition
use of the same lexeme or phrase more than once
Abbreviation
The shortened form of a word or phrase
Acronym
Technically needs to spell out another word
Affixation
The process of combining a root and an affix to create a new word
Backformation
Where speakers reinterpret a simple root as a root plus affix and drop the ‘affix’ to create a new rod
Blending
Where parts of two independent words are combined and used as one word
Borrowing
Acquiring new words or grammar from another language
Conversion
Creating a new word belonging to a different part of speech (no affixation)
Compounding
Creating a word by combining two or more free morphemes
Commonisation
Where a brand name or other proper noun becomes a common name
Shortening
Creating a new word by shortening a long word
Neolism / Coinage
The creation of a new word or expression to fill a gap
Archaism
A word or phrase considered outdated/old-fashioned
Broadening
When a word with specific or limited meaning is widened
Changing Connotation
The feelings or ideas associated with a word changing
Contraction
A shortened version of words or a word group
Denotation
A specific ‘dictionary’ meaning of a word
Elevation
When a word gains positive connotations or less negative ones
Initialism
An abbreviation consisting of letters pronounced seperately
Narrowing
When a word becomes less inclusive than its previous meaning
Shift
The modern usage of a word being very different than its previous meaning
Word Loss
A word is lost from the common lanuguage
Structure of body paragraphs
T / Topic sentence E / Expand on ts. & introduce evidence E / Evidence E / Explain relevance L / Link back to topic sentence
Structure of introduction
Introduce topic and link into the main points of the essay
Structure of conclusion
Conclusion word (e.g. ultimately) Link back to main points expanded with main ideas in each paragraph Summary sentence / opinion
collocations
a pair or group of words that are habitually juxtaposed through their use. strong tea or heavy drinker
idiom
a group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words
e.g. over the moon
