U1AOS1 - Metalanguage I Flashcards
morpheme
smallest part of a word with meaning
free morpheme
make sense by themself
bound morpheme
cannot stand alone
affixes
an additional element placed at the beginning, middle or end of a root to change meaning
prefix
precede root
suffix
follow root
infix
within root
root
forms the basis of a word
stems
words which already contain affixes but to which more can be added
derivational morphemes
when you use an affix and change the word meaning
inflectional morphemes
when an affix added doesn’t change word meaning
function words
have a grammatical function and little meaning alone
content words
carry a majority of meaning
noun
A person, place, thing, or idea
common noun
A non-specific person, place, thing, or idea
abstract noun
something unpreceivable from the five senses
proper noun
a specific person, place, or thing
concrete noun
a person or thing that exists physically
uncountable noun
cannot be counted
countable noun
can be counted
compound noun
made up of two or more words
collective noun
a word that names a group
singular noun
a single person, place, thing, or idea
plural noun
names more than one person, place, thing, or idea
verb
action word
transitive verb
An verb that has a direct object to receive the action
intransitive verb
does not have a direct object to receive the action
adjectives
describes a noun or pronoun
adverbs
describe verbs
- strictly one word
interjections
convey emotion or sentiment
pronoun
used in place of one or more nouns
personal pronouns
to do with a particular person
indefinite pronoun
does not refer to a particular person, place, or thing
relative pronoun
used for nouns mentioned previously
intensive pronoun
emphasises a noun or another pronoun
demonstrative pronoun
points out a person, place, thing, or idea (This, That, Those, These)
interrogative pronoun
used to begin a question (who,whom,whose,which,what)
reflexive pronoun
pronoun that ends in -self or -selves
conjunction
joins words, phrases, and clauses in a sentance
coordinating conjunction
connects words, phrases, and clauses (FANBOYS)
subordinating conjunction
used at the beginning of a subordinate clause or dependant clause
- which is subordinating…
correlative conjunctions
used in pairs (both/and, either/or etc)
determiner
Positioned in front of nouns to add detail or to clarify
demonstrative determiner
this, that, these, those
article
determine which version of a noun the speaker is referring to
indefinate article
shows use of the general version of a noun
definite article
shows the sue of a specific version of a noun
possessive article
show ownership of something (usually a noun)
quantifier article
indicate how much or little of noun is being discussed
preposition
shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to some other word in a sentence (usually time or place)
auxiliaries
occur with a main verb and provide more info (not adverb)
primary auxiliary
to be, to have, to do
modal auxiliary
used to express mood or attitude
noun phrase
a phrase which contains a noun and other related words
verb phrase
a phrase which contains a verb and other related words
prepositional phrase
consists of a preposition, the object of the preposition and modifiers
adjective phrase
contains words functioning in a sentence together as an adjective
adverb phrase
contains an adverb and other modifiers
phrase
a group of words with a ‘head’ defining the function
clauses
consists of a subject and a verb
independent clause
can stand alone as a sentence
dependent clause
needs support, cannot stand alone
basic sentence elements
subject, verb, object
subject
a person or thing that is being discussed or described
- usually noun or pronoun
verb
a word expressing an action, occurrence or state
object
a person or thing receiving the action of the verb
- comes toward the end of a sentence
predicate
tells what the subject is or does
direct object
receives the action of the verb
indirect object
Comes before the direct object. Tells to whom or for whom the action of the verb is done.
complement
follows a linking verb, can rename a subject or give more information by modifying it
declarative
tell something, end with a period and give information about a topic or person
interrogative
A sentence that asks a question, end with question mark
exclamatory
expresses strong feelings, end with exclamation mark
imperative
commands, instructs or orders, end with periods or exclamation mark
simple sentance
contains only one independent clause, no dependent clause, expresses one idea
compound sentence
two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction
complex sentence
A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause
compound-complex sentence
at least one dependent clause and two or more independent clauses
coordination
join two independent clauses, ideas of equal importance, can be conjunction or conjunctive adverb
subordination
join independent and dependent clauses, ideas of differing importance, can be conjunctions or relative pronouns
fragments
a sentence lacking a complete independent clause lacking …. subject/verb or has an incomplete predicate … lacking object or complement
- usually used for effect in written mode
modal verb
show likelihood, ability, permission, request, capacity, suggestions, order, obligation, or advice
adverbial
can be more than one word
- used to show movement throughout a text e.g. however
- refer to time and place // ‘at midnight’
- ‘by train’ // shows how
