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AS Biology > U1.5 The Heart and Heart Disease > Flashcards

U1.5 The Heart and Heart Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is the heart located in the body?

A

in the thoracic cavity behind the sternum

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2
Q

Which side of the heart deals with oxygenated blood?

A

left side

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3
Q

Which side of the heart deals with deoxygenated blood?

A

right side

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4
Q

Why is the atrium thin muscular wall?

A

because blood only needs to pumped a short distance

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5
Q

Why is the ventricle a much thicker muscular wall?

A

because it has to pump blood all around the body to all the extremities of the body.

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6
Q

What are the names of the atrioventricular valves in the heart?

A

Bicuspid valves (left side), tricuspid valves (right side)

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7
Q

What do the atrioventricular valves do?

A

Prevent the backflow of blood into the atria

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8
Q

Through which vessels is blood pumped out of the heart?

A

Arteries - the Aorta and Pulmonary artery

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9
Q

Through which vessels does blood enter the heart?

A

The veins - the Vena Cava and pulmonary veins

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10
Q

What does the aorta do?

A

pumps oxygenated blood from the left ventricle around the the body

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11
Q

What does the vena cava do?

A

receives deoxygenated blood in the right atrium

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12
Q

What does the pulmonary artery do?

A

carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs from the right ventricle

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13
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do?

A

carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

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14
Q

Which arteries supply the heart muscle with oxygen?

A

the coronary arteries

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15
Q

Which blood vessel does the coronary artery branch off?

A

the aorta

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16
Q

How is a myocardial infarction caused?

A

A blockage in the coronary artery due to an atheroma or a thrombus menas that the heart muscle isn’t supplied with oxygen so that area of the heart dies, causing a heart attack.

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17
Q

What are the two phases to the beating of the heart?

A

systole - contraction

diastole - relaxation

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18
Q

What happens during diastole?
Talk about the pressure changes in the heart, the valves that are opened/closed, where the blood is entering and whether the heart muscle is relaxed or not.

A
  • Blood returns to atria via pulmonary vein and vena cava.
  • Atria fill causing the pressure to rise.
  • Atrioventricular valves open as a result, so blood enters ventricles.
  • Both muscular walls of atria are relaxed.
  • there is less pressure in ventricles compared to the aorta and pulmonary arteries so semi-lunar valves closed.
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19
Q

What happens during atrial systole?

A
  • the atrial walls contract, forcing remaining blood out through atrioventricular valves into ventricles.
  • ventricle walls still relaxed.
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20
Q

What happens during ventricular systole?
Talk about the pressure changes in the heart, the valves that are opened/closed, where the blood is entering and whether the heart muscle is relaxed or not.

A
  • there is a short delay to allow blood to fill ventricles
  • the ventricles walls are contracting to build pressure
  • this causes atrioventricular valves to close as pressure is higher in the ventricles compared to atria.
  • the semi-lunar valves open as lower pressure in aorta and pulmonary artery, and
  • ventricles contracts to pump blood to lungs and around body.
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21
Q

How does blood travel around the body (refer to pressure)?

A

From a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure.

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22
Q

Why are valves important?

A

to prevent backflow of blood.

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23
Q

What cause the valves in the cardiovascular system to open and close?

A

the pressure difference on either side of them.

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24
Q

Where are the semi-lunar valves located?

A

in the aorta and pulmonary artery.

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25
Q

Where are pocket valves found in the body?

A

in veins, so that blood flows back to heart.

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26
Q

How do you measure cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume

27
Q

What is cardiac output measured in?

A

dm3 min-1

28
Q

Why is the heart described as myogenic?

A

because it initiates its own contractions.

29
Q

What does neurogenic mean?

A

that a contraction is initiated by a nerve impulse.

30
Q

What does SAN stand for?

A

Sinoatrial Node

31
Q

Where is the SAN located?

A

in the right atrium

32
Q

What is the SAN also called?

A

The Pacemaker

33
Q

Where the initial stimulus in the heart start?

A

In the SAN

34
Q

Describe the sequences of events that occur to make the heart beat.

A
  • Wave of electrical energy spreads from SAN over atria causing them to contract.
  • A non-conductive tissue prevents the electrical energy continuing to ventricles.
  • AVN detects the electrical wave and conveys the activity down the Bundle of his
  • They branch to the purkyne fibres which causes ventricles to contract, apex up.
35
Q

What does AVN stand for?

A

Atrioventricular node

36
Q

Why is it important that the electrical wave is stopped and delayed to the ventricles?

A

so it allows time for the ventricles to fill with blood.

37
Q

What does CHD stand for?

A

Coronary Heart Disease

38
Q

What does CHD do?

A

affect the coronary arteries which supply the heart muscle with glucose and oxygen. Blood flow is restricted due to atheroma which leads to myocardial infarction.

39
Q

What is atheroma?

A

A fatty deposit that forms in the wall of arteries.

40
Q

What are the fatty streaks in atheromas made of?

A

Fatty streaks of white blood cells that have taken in LDLs

41
Q

What are LDLs?

A

Low density lipoproteins

42
Q

How is an atheromatous plaque formed?

A

When fatty streaks containing LDLs enlarge to form an irregular patch in an artery.

43
Q

Where are atheromatous plaques usually found?

A

in large arteries.

44
Q

What is an atheromatous plaque made up of?

A

deposits of cholesterol fibres and dead muscle cells.

45
Q

Why is it dangerous to develop an atheroma in your arteries?

A

because they bulge into the lumen of an artery, narrowing the passageway so less blood can flow through.

46
Q

Which two conditions does atheromas increase the risk of getting?

A

Thrombosis and aneurysm

47
Q

How does thrombosis occur?

A

When an atheroma breaks through the endothelium lining to form a rough surface that interrupts the smooth flow of blood

48
Q

What is a thrombus?

A

blood clot

49
Q

What is a thrombus dangerous?

A

because they block the blood vessel, reducing blood supply to tissue beyond it, causing tissues to die due to lack of oxygen and glucose.
A thrombus can be carried to different places and block important arteries (coronary arteries).

50
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

When weaken points of artery walls swell to form a balloon like, blood-filled structures

51
Q

How are aneurysms caused?

A

When atheromas that lead to the formation of thrombus weaken the artrial walls.

52
Q

Why are aneurysm dangerous?

A

Because if they burst, they lead to haemorrhaging and loss of blood to that region of the body.

53
Q

What are brain aneurysms also know as?

A

Stroke

54
Q

What is a myocardial infarction?

A

a heart attack

55
Q

What causes a myocardial infarction?

A

when there is reduced blood supply to heart resulting from a blockage.
Part of the heart muscle does not receive glucose or oxygen and cause that tissue to die.

56
Q

What are the four main risk factors associated with CHD?

A
  • Smoking
  • High Blood Pressure
  • Diet
  • Blood Cholesterol
57
Q

How does carbon monoxide from smoking increase risk of CHD?

A
  • CO combines irreversibly with haemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin.
  • This reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of blood
  • Increases BP as a result as heart needs to compensate for less oxygen and glucose.
  • Increases risk of CHD.
58
Q

How does nicotine in cigarrettes increase the risk of developing CHD?

A
  • Nicotine stimulate production of adrenaline
  • Adrenaline increase heart rate and raises BP
  • Increases risk of CHD
  • Nicotine makes red blood more sticky, increasing risk of thrombosis, stroke and myocardial infarction.
59
Q

What different factors lead to high blood pressure?

A

Stress, genes, certain diets, lack of exercise

60
Q

Why does high blood pressure increase risk of CHD?

A
  • High pressure in arteries means heart has to work harder to pump blood, therefore more prone to failure
  • High blood pressure makes it more likely for arteries to develop an aneurysm and burst.
  • Arteries try to resist the high pressure by thickening - this restricts blood flow further.
61
Q

How is cholesterol transported into blood?

A

in tiny spheres of lipoproteins

62
Q

What do high density lipoproteins do?

A

remove cholesterol from tissues and transports it to the liver for excretion

63
Q

What do low density lipoproteins do?

A

transport cholesterol from liver to tissues including artery walls. Cause formation of atheroma.

64
Q

How does poor diet increase risk of developing CHD?

A
  • High salt levels increase BP

- High levels of saturated fats increase LDL levels so increase blood cholesterol concentration

AS Biology (4 decks)

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