(U1) Weimar Republic 1919-29 Flashcards
1
Q
Who was the leader of Germany during WW1
A
The Kaiser (Wilhelm II)
2
Q
When and Why did the Kaiser abdicate (2)
A
- 9th November 1918,
- because he lost the support of the people during the war
3
Q
Why was it called the Weimar Republic
A
Named after the town it was formed in
4
Q
What groups opposed the new Weimar republic (2)
A
- Communists (Sparticists),
- Conservatives
5
Q
Who led the first post-kaiser German government?
When did he come to power and when did he lose it?
Who then took control and how?
A
- Prince Max of Baden
- 3rd October 1918 - 9th November 1918 (37 days)
- the SPD (Social Democratic Party), they withdrew support for his government
6
Q
Who was the first:
- chancellor
- President
of the Weimar Republic after Prince Max was ousted? (first 2 in order)
A
- Friedrich Ebert - chancellor and
- Phillip Scheidemann - president
They then switched roles after the election
7
Q
What party split from the SPD
and
why (4)
A
- USPD,
- anti war unlike SPD,
- more left wing,
- anti republic
8
Q
What revolts/mutinies happened in 1918 (Weimar Germany) (4)
Give dates
A
- 29th October: Naval mutiny in Wilhelmshaven
- 2nd & 3rd November: Sailors took control of multiple towns e.g Bremen, Hamburg, Kiel
- 8th November: Major riots in cities e.g Dortmund, Berlin, Leipzig
- 8th November: Bavaria declared a socialist republic
9
Q
Who were the spartacists (Weimar Germany)
and
what did they want? (4 aims)
A
- Group of communists lead by Karl Liebknect and Rosa Luxemburg,
Aims:
- revolution in Germany similar to Russia in 1917, followed by alliance with USSR
- cancellation of Assembly - power given to soldier and worker councils
- state nationalization of industry and agriculture
- police and army disarmed - replaced by worker’s militias
10
Q
When was the sparticist revolt (Weimar Germany)
and
what happened?
A
- 5th January 1919,
- poorly organised; quashed by the Freikorps led by General Walther von Lüttwitz
11
Q
Who were the Freikorps
and
Why was their use bad for the Weimar republic? (3)
A
- Volunteer, anti-communist group made up of former soldiers bitter at Germanys defeat,
- often used by the state against left wing mutinies
- They were pro-monarchy and led to more political violence in Germany.
12
Q
How is the German army described by General Hans von Seeckt
and
what does it mean?
A
- ‘A state within a state’
- meaning the needs of the army were more important than those of the state
13
Q
When were the first Weimar elections
and
what were the results (4)
A
- 19th January 1919
- New president = Friedrich Ebert
- Coalition government = SPD, Centre and DDP
- Chancellor = Phillip Scheidemann (SPD)
14
Q
What did each Allied power want from the Treaty of Versailles (6)
A
USA (leader: President Wilson):
- Creation of the League of Nations, to maintain world peace through compromise,
- outlined 14 points for world peace
France (leader: Georges Clemenceau):
- for security, aimed to limit German power by confiscating land and restricting German military,
- also wished to strengthen Poland (at German expense) to be a buffer between Germany and Russia
UK (leader: David Lloyd George):
- Concerned over French power, argued against France taking Saar (coal rich) or the industrial Rhineland which was instead demilitarized.
- Huge pressure from home to support heavy reparations and put war guilt on Germany to make them liable to pay reparation
15
Q
What was the German reaction to the Treaty of Versailles? (3)
A
- Horrified due to the war guilt clause (much harsher than was expected)
- many saw it as a ‘diktat’ that undermined the strength of the German state
- Rather than accept the treaty, Scheidemanns cabinet resigned replaced by Gustav Bauer (SPD)
16
Q
What land was lost due to the Treaty of Versailles for Germany? (9)
A
Territorial losses:
- overall 12-13% of German land mass was lost
- Germany lost important industrial lands (up to 20% of coal and 15% of iron production)
- Lost land of symbolic importance (such as west Prussia, Alsace Lorraine, Memel and Poznan)
- Rhineland demilitarized,
- Danzig now a free port under the League of Nations, (no tax revenue)
- Saar placed under League of Nations - controlled coal going to France
- Kiel canal open to any nations warships or merchants ships
- Anschluss (Unification) with Austria was forbidden
Colonial losses:
- all German colonies handed over to the Allies
17
Q
How was the German military restricted by the Treaty of Versailles? (3)
A
- Army limited to 100,000 men
- Navy limited to 6 battleships, 6 cruisers and 12 destroyers but no submarines
- no air force
18
Q
Which General urged Germany to make peace (WWI) ?
When?
A
- General Ludendorff
- in September 1918
19
Q
Who led the Munich revolt which led to the proclamation of a republic in Bavaria?
A
Kurt Eisner
20
Q
How did the German Chancellor convince the Kaiser to abdicate?
A
- Seeing the mutinies and uprisings across Germany,
- Prince Max told the Kaiser he had to abdicate to avoid civil war
21
Q
How did the government react to the Spartacists?
A
Used Freikorps to bring order
22
Q
When did the Spartacist Revolt begin and end?
How did it end?
A
- 1st Jan 1919 - 15th Jan 1919
- Karl Liebkneckt and Rosa Luxemburg murdered
23
Q
What reparations did Germany have to pay the allies? (5)
When were they announced?
How was this justified?
Name at least 3
A
- Reparations set in 1921:
- they had to hand over all merchant ships of more than 1,600 tons,
- half of their ships between 800 and 1,600 tons + 25% of fishing fleet
- and build 200,000 tons of ships in 5 years for the allies
- Germany had to pay the cost of army occupation
- Germany had to pay 20 billion gold marks (London payments agreement) 2 billion a year plus 26% of German exports
- This was justified by placing war guilt onto Germany
24
Q
What was the ‘stab in the back’ belief?
A
- Paul von Hindenburg gave evidence that the Treaty of Versailles shouldn’t have been signed
- he believed the military had been sold out by anti-patriotic leftist politicians
25
What were the **features** of the **Weimar constitution**? (**11**)
- *parliamentary democracy* with the **chancellor and cabinet** *needing majority support* in the **reichstag**
- **federation** of **17 Länder**
- *president* elected in a **7 year term**
- president allowed to *appoint/dismiss chancellor*
- **article 48** allowed the *president* to **suspend the reichstag** and **rule by decree** in a “*national emergency*”
- Reich **chancellor** led being **accountable to the reichstag**
- parliament made up of **two houses**:
1. ***the Reichsrat***: power to **delay laws**, members chosen by the parliaments of the länder and
2. ***the reichstag***: **elections every 4 years** with **proportional representation**
- elections by *universal suffrage* (over 20s)
- **bill of rights** e.g freedom of speech etc.
- PRstv for Reichstag - 60,000 votes = 1 seat
- federal judiciary i.e. Supreme Court
26
**How** did the **constitution** *weaken the republic*? (**2**)
- Many features **weren’t accepted *by all parties*** (such as *proportional representation, parliamentary government or civil liberties*)
- negotiated by **parties** who **didn’t stay popular**
27
**How** did the **constitution** *strengthen* the republic? (**2**)
- The compromise reflected a **broad spectrum of opinions**, even right wing parties
- reflected *successful constitutional practice* at the time and had **built in checks and balances**
28
**Why** did **article 48** exist?
As a **counterbalance** *to any potential* ‘**elected** parliamentary **dictatorship**’
29
What were the **positives** of **article 48**? (**2**)
- Ebert used it to *give power to the military* to **protect the republic** by **putting down the Munich putsch**
- also used to pass Streseman’s economic plans
30
What was the **background** to the **Kapp Putsch**? (**3**)
- **28th June 1919** - **Treaty of Versailles** signed, with it, Germany was to have its **military restricted**
- **October 1919**: **National association** founded by **Ludendorff** and **Kapp**
- **General von Lüttwitz** (*leader of the Freikorps*) joined, **army discontented** with demands to *downsize*
31
**When** and **how** did the **events** of the **Kapp Putsch** occur? (**5**)
- **March 1920** Government orders *disbanding* of the **Ehrahrdt marine brigade** and **Baltikum** stationed in Berlin
- **13th March 1920**: **5000 troops** from the brigade tried to **seize government buildings** in **Berlin**
- commanders **refused** to release troops to **stop the putsch**
- the **government fled** to **Stuttgart**
- the putsch collapsed after **trade unions** (*linked to the SPD*) called a **general strike** and **Kapp fled** to **Sweden** with *no authority*
32
What was the **aftermath** of the **Kapp Putsch**?
- the Putsch led to **major communist uprisings** across Germany and
- led to **more division** between the **right wing groups** and **the republic**
- the ‘**Weimar coalition**’ suffered heavy losses only having 45% of the seats
33
**Why** did Germany *sign* the **treaty of Rapallo**?
- **Genoa conference April 1922** - Germans **insulted** by the *French insistence* to **pay reparations in full**
- to **remove** Germany from **international isolation** - a deal with the **soviets** at Rapallo in April
34
What **law** passed after the *murder* of **Walther Rathenau**
And
What was its **aim** and what were the **results**
- **June 1922**: *Law* for the **Protection of the Republic**
- it was meant to impose **severe penalties** on acts of **political violence**
- proved **weak** as many **judges** who *opposed the republic* **refused to implement it** in practice
35
What was the German **national debt** in **1919**
And
What did it **increase to** in **1922**
- **144 billion** reichsmarks
- **469 billion** reichsmarks
36
**Why** and **how** did the *French* **occupy the Ruhr**? (**4**)
Why:
- Germans were **unable to pay reparations** in **1923 and 1924** and *didn’t deliver* promised **coal and timber** (promised under ToV)
- Also the **allies believed** the *Germans* had *engineered the crisis* to **end reparations**
How:
- **11th January 1923** *French engineers* were sent to the Ruhr to *secure coal mines*
- backed up by **60,000 French** and **Belgian troops**
37
What were the **results** of the **occupation of the Ruhr** and the **govt’s response**? (**5**)
- **passive resistance** *reduced coal deliveries* for *France* and *Belgium* considerably
- German govt had to **pay millions of marks** to those who had **lost revenue** due to **passive resistance**
- the **loss of vital revenue** from the area led to the Germans **minting more notes**
- By **August 1923** there were **663 billion marks** *in circulation* leading to **hyperinflation**
-
1. in **December 1922** the exchange rate was **8,000 marks for a dollar**
2. by **November 1923** it had reached **4.2 billion**
38
Who became **chancellor** in **August 1923**?
Gustav Stresemann
39
**How** did **Stresemann immediately stabilize** the economy? (**4**)
| *1923 policies* - give dates
- **September 1923** - reparation payments resumed and French agreed to set up a commission to study the problem of the German economy
- **November 1923** - **Rentenmark** currency established *replacing the old mark* - **printing strictly limited**
- Minister Luther **sacked 700,000 state employees** - **balanced budget**
- **November 1923** - **Retenbank** (soon known as Reichsbank) opened - *Hjalmar Schact* appointed special currency commissioner
40
What was the **German October**?
**When** was it?
What were its **results**?
- *KPD uprising* in **October 1923** in *Saxony and Thuringia*
- *crushed before it began* but in **Hamburg** the **uprising happened** but was *crushed by* the **army**
- this **offended** the **SPD** who *left the government*
41
What were the **results** of the **1924 election**?
- **radical parties** (far left and right wing) **increased votes**
- **Wilhelm Marx** formed a **coalition** government with his party (**centre**) the **DDP** and the **DVP**
42
What was the **goal** of the **Dawes plan**?
and
**Who** helped make it?
- find a *solution* to the *reparations issue* under the slogan ‘Business not Politics’
- **Charles Dawes** and **Gustav Stresemann**
43
What were the **terms** of the **Dawes Plan**? (**6**)
And
**When** was it *ratified*?
Terms:
- **France leave** the **Ruhr** and *further sanctions* be *harder to apply*
- total figure for payment: **66 billion reichmarks**
- Reparations would be **paid over a longer period** and *credit* would be *advanced* to help *rebuild the German economy*
- **International loan** of **800 million marks** granted to *cover four fifths* of the reparation payments
- **higher level** of reparations of **2.5 billion marks a year** set by the London payments plan would be paid **after 1929**
- **Reichsbank reorganized** under *allied supervision*. Reparations to be paid in such a way as **not to threaten stability** of the German currency
Ratified:
- **Aug 1924**
44
**Why** did the *Dawes plan* have **opposition**?
and
**How** did it **pass the reichstag**?
- it included **accepting** to **continue paying reparations** —> *legitimization*
- it *passed due to* the **support** of the largest right wing party the **DNVP**
- though people disliked aspects of it they *were willing to work within the system*
45
**Why** did *Germany struggle* to **form coalitions** between **1924-1928**?
- **SPD refused to enter coalitions** with ‘*bourgeois parties*’ on the *right wing* - despite being the largest party - *SPD more doctrinaire*
- New more **Marxist policies** also meant *coalition with the right wing* would **compromise party ideals**
- this helped **weaken the republic** by *weakening* the **process of democracy**
46
Who was *elected* **president** in **1925** and on *what date*
And
**Why** did this **weaken** the **republic**?
- Paul Von Hindenburg **26th April 1925**
- **Refused** (originally) to allow **SPD** in any **government coalition** - SPD were the *largest party*
- also Hindenburg was not a keen supporter of the Republic
47
What happened in the **1928 election** in *Germany*? (**4**)
- **Left wing parties** made *gains* - SPD and KPD both growing; **SPD gaining 22** *seats* and **KPD gaining 9**
- **Centre** and **right wing** parties had a sharp **fall**
- **DNVP vote fell** from **20.5% the 14.2%** led to a *shift in party policy, renouncing their desire to return to the monarchy* but this didn’t succeed as they *elected anti democratic leader Hugenberg*
- **mainstream parties lost lots of votes** while **fringe parties** such as Bauernbund or the Deutches Landvolk **gaining votes** showing *political disillusionment* with the major parties
48
What was the *background* to **German Economic problems** between **1924-1929**
(**3**)
- **slow growth** and stagnation
- *trade union* powers kept **wages high**, *limiting middle class income*
- *structurally weak* and *unstable* system based on **foreign loans**
49
What were the **pros** and **cons** of the **foreign investment** in *Germany*
Pros:
- Important to *eleviate suffering* from *hyperinflation*
- enabled *Germany* to start **reconstruction**
Cons:
- **high risk** - if a *global recession* happened (particularly in the USA) it would lead to *massive withdrawal*
50
How many **Germans** were **unemployed** in **1928**
- **1.3 million**
- **8.5%** of the *workforce*
51
*Why* was there **industrial unrest** in *Germany* between **1923-1929** (**3**)
- *workers perceived employers* to be **attacking labour rights** (e.g. allowed to institute 10 hour days)
- **employers resisted** union demands for **higher wages** to the extent that 76,000 cases in 8 years were brought to arbitration
- after 210,000 workers were locked out of working in the **Ruhr owners wouldn’t accept** the *results of arbitration*
52
What **reforms** where introduced by **Prince Max of Baden** in **October 1918**? (**3**)
- Wilhelm II **gave up** his **powers** to the **army and navy** to the **Reichstag**
- **chancellor** and **govt** would be **accountable** to the **Reichstag**, *not the king*
- **Armistice negotiations** opened with the allies (WWI)
53
How were **Prince Max’s reforms** referred to by many?
‘A revolution from above’
54
What was the **Ebert-Groener agreement**?
- an agreement to guarantee **army support** for the SPD coalition
- as long as they **opposed revolutionary socialism** (*spartacists*) and the **army kept its power** and influence
55
**When** was the **KPD formed**?
1st January 1919
56
Why was **democracy** in the **Weimar Republic** *immediately* **fragile**?
How was this evident? (**2**)
- **Elites** from the 2nd Reich stayed **prominent** and **opposed** the system of **democracy**
- support for the **DNVP** was high - **10.3% in Jan 1919**
- also the **civil service, army** etc. remained conservative
57
What was the **goal** of **Müllers grand coalition**
and
**When** did it take office and **who** did it include?
- help pass the **young plan** *through the Reichstag*
- **June 1928** - **SPD, DDP, DVP, Centre** and **BVP**
58
What were the **terms** of the **Young Plan**? (**5**)
- creation of a timescale for German payment of reparations (**2 billion marks/year** *until* **1988**)
- Transfer of **Marks into foreign currency** *done by* **bank of international settlements** - Basel Switzerland
- **Payment** to **increase gradually** from **1929** to **1932**
- Germany to pay **3/4 less than 66 billion reichmarks** *stated in Dawes* - **18.5 billion reichmarks total**
- If Germany followed the plan - **France** would **evacuate Rhineland** by **June 1930**
59
**When** was the **Wall Street crash**
and
What was the **immediate affect** on *Germany*
## footnote
not just economic impacts
- **October 1929**
- German **reliance** on *short term loans from America* **collapsed**
- growth of **unemployment February 1929 17.7%** population unemployed
- *collapse* of the ‘*grand coalition*’
- *unemployment insurance* **cost the government** a lot of money
60
**When** was the **Treaty of Versailles** signed?
June 28th 1919
61
Under the **Treaty of Versailles**, which **areas** were **handed over** by **plebiscite** (referendum)? (**2**)
What were these examples of?
1.
- Upper Silesia - split between Poland and Germany
- Northern Schlesweig - given to Denmark
2. Wilson’s policy of ‘**self-determination**’ (*1 of 14 points*)
62
**Why** did many Germans refer to the **Treaty of Versailles** as being a ‘**Diktat**’?
Many felt it was **imposed without any negotiation**
63
*How* did **German relations** with the *allies* begin to **improve**
Gustav Stresemann created opportunities to *revise the treaty of Versailles* through **constructive diplomacy**
64
What was the *background* to the **Locarno treaties**
- **French attitude changed** after the *backlash* from their *occupation of the Ruhr* which led to them having a *more sympathetic* policy *towards Germany*
- a possible Anglo-French agreement would address the issue of French security possibly leading to a prolonged occupation of the Rhineland
- a statement from the Allies in January 1925 that they were pushing back the vacating of Cologne
- the British suggested a pact with France and French foreign minister Aristide Briand accepted to **guarantee French borders**
65
What was *in the* **Locarno treaties**
and
**When** was it signed
- **1 December 1925**
- Treaty of mutual *guarantee* of the **Franco-German** and **Belgian-German borders** was signed with Italy and Britain guaranteeing the agreement
- Agreed *not to use force* to *alter* these frontiers
- Also, a series of *arbitration treaties* signed between *Germany and France, Poland, Czechoslovakia and Belgium*
66
*How* did **Stresemann affect** the **Locarno** treaties? (**3**)
- *Held out* against a Locarno style settlement *for Germany’s eastern borders* **hoping for future revision**
- incredibly successful managing to secure guarantees from France that it wouldn’t attack Germany in the cases of a war against Poland in which Germany was not the aggressor
- led to the **first evacuation from the Rhineland in 1925**
67
**When** did *Germany join* the **League of Nations**?
- **September 8th 1926** *following Locarno*
- Stresemann managed to get Germany a permanent seat on the council and was free from the military obligations
68
How did Germany’s relations internationally change between **1925-1927**?
| not including rapallo or League of Nations entry
- **Treaty of Berlin** with Soviet Union *reaffirming the treaty of Rapallo* stressing each other’s neutrality if the other was attacked
- German *relations with the Allies improved*. In **late 1926** the *allied occupation forces* were **cut by 60,000** and *withdrew from Germany* - was set up to *oversee German disarmament* in **January 1927** - *backtrack*
- **commercial treaty** was signed between *France and Germany* in **August 1927**. However *tensions remained* between the two heightened by *Hindenburgs speech on 18 September* in which he *denied war guilt*
69
What **successes** did *Stresemann* have **between 1924-1929**? (**7**)
- **Fulfilment**: showing how *impossible it was to pay reparations* etc. Led to the **revision of some articles**
- **Soviet Union**: *Treaty of Berlin* created a *fear* of a *Russo-German alliance* - western powers took a **more sympathetic approach** to Germany
- **Locarno**: Created *better relations with France* while *leaving out* a deal about the *eastern border of Germany* and also securing a *guarantee from France* that if Germany were attacked by Poland *they wouldn’t join the Polish*
- **Revision of Versailles**: After improvements in relations between France and Germany Stresemann and Briand met in Thiory in September 1926 failing to find a solution to the continued *occupation of the Rhineland* however the **young plan helped solve that issue** in *1929-1930*
- **Growing Diplomatic influence**: Stresemanns policies resulted in *Germany regaining diplomatic influence*. Acceptance into the **League of Nations in 1926** with a *permanent seat* on the council is *another success*
- **Dawes plan 1924**: fundamental in *strengthening Germanys industrial base* and *better relations with the USA* improving trade
- **Young Plan 1929**: was Stresemanns last major diplomatic achievement linked to the **evacuation of the Rhineland** & the **successful revision of reparations** as well as other benefits to Germany including **rescheduling of debts to 2 billion paid yearly until 1988**
70
What are the *arguments* that **Stresemann failed** in his **foreign affairs** policy? (**2**)
- **Versailles**: The *main issue* of **war guilt wasn’t dealt with** by Stresemann and *still undermined the state* and many Germans didn’t support him as **5.8 million voted for the freedom law** that *opposed the young plan* and *labeled Stresemann a traitor*
- **Not much room for manoeuvre**: *Lack of military at his disposal* **limited his options to only peaceful policy**. Although he *helped stabilize the economy* those wanting radical changes to Versailles still acted as a *destabilizing influence on German politics*
71
What **changes** in **female employment** in Weimar Germany could be seen? (**5**)
- *similar number of overall women working*
- **more in public employment** (teaching, civil service or social work) or in *shops and industry*
- women workers known as **Doppelverdiener** became a *source of debate* - most people believed in **traditional roles**
- led to **condemnation** after *companies began laying off higher paid men* first
- led to the **1932 the Law governing the Legal status of Female civil service and public officials** passed making it *easier to dismiss female civil servants and public officials* - **vast majority of Germans accepted**
## footnote
As a whole, German society wanted traditional family roles, Nazis exploited this
72
What was *unique* about **welfare** in the *Weimar Republic*
and
What were some of the points *promised* (**3**)
- The welfare state was promised in the constitution and was seen as a **basic right**
- Religious freedom guaranteed - **no discrimination** in who could obtain welfare
- *Respect* for **private property**, commitment to **build new houses**, **employee protection**
73
What *changes* were made to **public welfare** in terms of **benefits**
and
What were the **issues before the war**(**4**)
- *before the war* benefit **claimants were unable to vote** and *faced a stigma*
- because of a new class of claimants because of the war **The Reich Relief Law and Serious Disability Laws in 1920** created the *framework of support*
- many claimants still received benefits at a subsistence level i.e. **only covered basic necessities**
- in **1927** the **Labour Exchanges and Unemployment insurance law** created *unemployment insurance* - this eventually *cost the govt dearly in 1929*
74
How did the Weimar Republic **finance** the *Welfare State*?
| figures needed
- *Increase in taxation by 1919*
- Erzberger *raised taxes* from **9% in 1913** to **17% in 1925**
75
How many **people** did Germany *lose* through the **Treaty of Versailles**?
7 million
76
Which **article** of the ToV stipulated **German war guilt**?
Article 231
77
What were the terms of the **treaty of Rapallo**? (**2**)
- **Lands** taken by Germany in *Brest-Litovsk* **returned to Russia**
- Russia would help **train German soldiers** *contrary to Versailles*
78
What were the **signatories of the ToV** *known as* by the Right Wing?
The ‘November Criminals’
79
How *many* **electoral districts** were there in Weimar Germany?
How many **Länder**?
- 35 districts
- 17 Länder
80
What were the **2 *levels* of govt** in Weimar Germany?
What is this **system** known as?
1.
- Länder
- the federal / central govt
2. Federalism
81
What *attempts* were made to **violently overthrow the govt** in Weimar Germany?
Give dates and state what ‘wing’ they were on.
Left wing:
- Spartacist rising - **Jan 1919**
- ‘Raterrepublik’ Bavaria - **March-May 1919**
- Red rising in Rühr - **March 1920**
- ‘German October’ Saxony - **October 1923**
Right wing:
- Kapp Putsch Berlin - **March 1920**
- Nazi Munich Putsch - **November 1923**
Both sides:
- political assassinations **1919 - 1922** (e.g. in consul org):
1. **22** by *left*
2. **354** by *right*
82
Why was the **Weimar constitution** *potentially weak*? (**5**)
- **PRstv** guaranteed **coalitions** - unstable
- many did not believe in democracy anyway
- **article 48** *undermined democracy* - potential dictatorship
- for reactionaries, increased *individual rights* were an issue
- also élites were opposed to the introduction of **welfare** due to *increased taxation*
83
Which *key parts* of the **Weimar state apparatus** *wanted* a **return to the 2nd Reich**?
Broadly speaking:
- judiciary
- civil service
- army
## footnote
Held by ‘vested interests’ and dominated by élites, or certainly reluctant to change
84
How much in **total** did the **US** offer in **loans** to Weimar Germany *prior to the WSC*?
20 billion reichsmarks
85
What were the **economic factors** that *threatened the Weimar Republic*? (**3**)
| pre hyperinflation
- **144 billion RM** post WWI **debt**
- **economic dislocation** e.g. in agriculture after the war
- *colonial, territorial losses* and *reparations* from ToV
86
State **figures** for *Nazi membership* from **1919 - 1931** (**6**)
- **1919 - 55** members
- **1921 - 3,000** members
- **1923 - 20,000** members
- **1925 - 27,000** members
- **1928 - 105,000** members
- **1931 - 800,000** members
