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CCEA AS History Units 1 And 2 > (U1) Weimar Republic 1919-29 > Flashcards

(U1) Weimar Republic 1919-29 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was the leader of Germany during WW1

A

The Kaiser (Wilhelm II)

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2
Q

When and Why did the Kaiser abdicate (2)

A
  • 9th November 1918,
  • because he lost the support of the people during the war
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3
Q

Why was it called the Weimar Republic

A

Named after the town it was formed in

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4
Q

What groups opposed the new Weimar republic (2)

A
  • Communists (Sparticists),
  • Conservatives
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5
Q

Who led the first post-kaiser German government?

When did he come to power and when did he lose it?

Who then took control and how?

A
  • Prince Max of Baden
  • 3rd October 1918 - 9th November 1918 (37 days)
  • the SPD (Social Democratic Party), they withdrew support for his government
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6
Q

Who was the first:

  1. chancellor
  2. President

of the Weimar Republic after Prince Max was ousted? (first 2 in order)

A
  • Friedrich Ebert - chancellor and
  • Phillip Scheidemann - president

They then switched roles after the election

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7
Q

What party split from the SPD

and

why (4)

A
  • USPD,
  • anti war unlike SPD,
  • more left wing,
  • anti republic
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8
Q

What revolts/mutinies happened in 1918 (Weimar Germany) (4)

Give dates

A
  • 29th October: Naval mutiny in Wilhelmshaven
  • 2nd & 3rd November: Sailors took control of multiple towns e.g Bremen, Hamburg, Kiel
  • 8th November: Major riots in cities e.g Dortmund, Berlin, Leipzig
  • 8th November: Bavaria declared a socialist republic
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9
Q

Who were the spartacists (Weimar Germany)

and

what did they want? (4 aims)

A
  • Group of communists lead by Karl Liebknect and Rosa Luxemburg,

Aims:

  • revolution in Germany similar to Russia in 1917, followed by alliance with USSR
  • cancellation of Assembly - power given to soldier and worker councils
  • state nationalization of industry and agriculture
  • police and army disarmed - replaced by worker’s militias
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10
Q

When was the sparticist revolt (Weimar Germany)

and

what happened?

A
  • 5th January 1919,
  • poorly organised; quashed by the Freikorps led by General Walther von Lüttwitz
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11
Q

Who were the Freikorps

and

Why was their use bad for the Weimar republic? (3)

A
  • Volunteer, anti-communist group made up of former soldiers bitter at Germanys defeat,
  • often used by the state against left wing mutinies
  • They were pro-monarchy and led to more political violence in Germany.
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12
Q

How is the German army described by General Hans von Seeckt

and

what does it mean?

A
  • ‘A state within a state’
  • meaning the needs of the army were more important than those of the state
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13
Q

When were the first Weimar elections

and

what were the results (4)

A
  • 19th January 1919
  • New president = Friedrich Ebert
  • Coalition government = SPD, Centre and DDP
  • Chancellor = Phillip Scheidemann (SPD)
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14
Q

What did each Allied power want from the Treaty of Versailles (6)

A

USA (leader: President Wilson):

  • Creation of the League of Nations, to maintain world peace through compromise,
  • outlined 14 points for world peace

France (leader: Georges Clemenceau):

  • for security, aimed to limit German power by confiscating land and restricting German military,
  • also wished to strengthen Poland (at German expense) to be a buffer between Germany and Russia

UK (leader: David Lloyd George):

  • Concerned over French power, argued against France taking Saar (coal rich) or the industrial Rhineland which was instead demilitarized.
  • Huge pressure from home to support heavy reparations and put war guilt on Germany to make them liable to pay reparation
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15
Q

What was the German reaction to the Treaty of Versailles? (3)

A
  • Horrified due to the war guilt clause (much harsher than was expected)
  • many saw it as a ‘diktat’ that undermined the strength of the German state
  • Rather than accept the treaty, Scheidemanns cabinet resigned replaced by Gustav Bauer (SPD)
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16
Q

What land was lost due to the Treaty of Versailles for Germany? (9)

A

Territorial losses:

  • overall 12-13% of German land mass was lost
  • Germany lost important industrial lands (up to 20% of coal and 15% of iron production)
  • Lost land of symbolic importance (such as west Prussia, Alsace Lorraine, Memel and Poznan)
  • Rhineland demilitarized,
  • Danzig now a free port under the League of Nations, (no tax revenue)
  • Saar placed under League of Nations - controlled coal going to France
  • Kiel canal open to any nations warships or merchants ships
  • Anschluss (Unification) with Austria was forbidden

Colonial losses:

  • all German colonies handed over to the Allies
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17
Q

How was the German military restricted by the Treaty of Versailles? (3)

A
  • Army limited to 100,000 men
  • Navy limited to 6 battleships, 6 cruisers and 12 destroyers but no submarines
  • no air force
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18
Q

Which General urged Germany to make peace (WWI) ?

When?

A
  • General Ludendorff
  • in September 1918
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19
Q

Who led the Munich revolt which led to the proclamation of a republic in Bavaria?

A

Kurt Eisner

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20
Q

How did the German Chancellor convince the Kaiser to abdicate?

A
  • Seeing the mutinies and uprisings across Germany,
  • Prince Max told the Kaiser he had to abdicate to avoid civil war
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21
Q

How did the government react to the Spartacists?

A

Used Freikorps to bring order

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22
Q

When did the Spartacist Revolt begin and end?

How did it end?

A
  • 1st Jan 1919 - 15th Jan 1919
  • Karl Liebkneckt and Rosa Luxemburg murdered
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23
Q

What reparations did Germany have to pay the allies? (5)

When were they announced?

How was this justified?

A
  • Reparations set in 1921:
  1. they had to hand over all merchant ships of more than 1,600 tons,
  2. half of their ships between 800 and 1,600 tons
  3. and build 200,000 tons of ships in 5 years for the allies
  4. Germany had to pay the cost of army occupation
  5. Germany had to pay 20 trillion gold marks (London payments agreement) 2 billion a year plus 26% of German exports
  • This was justified by placing war guilt onto Germany
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24
Q

What was the ‘stab in the back’ belief?

A
  • Paul von Hindenburg gave evidence that the Treaty of Versailles shouldn’t have been signed
  • he believed the military had been sold out by anti-patriotic leftist politicians
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25
Q

What were the features of the Weimar constitution? (11)

A
  • parliamentary democracy with the chancellor and cabinet needing majority support in the reichstag
  • federation of 17 Länder
  • president elected in a 7 year term
  • president allowed to appoint/dismiss chancellor
  • article 48 allowed the president to suspend the reichstag and rule by decree in a “national emergency”
  • Reich chancellor led being accountable to the reichstag
  • parliament made up of two houses:
  1. the Reichsrat: power to delay laws, members chosen by the parliaments of the länder and
  2. the reichstag: elections every 4 years with proportional representation
  • elections by universal suffrage (over 20s)
  • bill of rights e.g freedom of speech etc.
  • PRstv for Reichstag - 60,000 votes = 1 seat
  • federal judiciary i.e. Supreme Court
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26
Q

How did the constitution weaken the republic? (2)

A
  • Many features weren’t accepted by all parties (such as proportional representation, parliamentary government or civil liberties)
  • negotiated by parties who didn’t stay popular
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27
Q

How did the constitution strengthen the republic? (2)

A
  • The compromise reflected a broad spectrum of opinions, even right wing parties
  • reflected successful constitutional practice at the time and had built in checks and balances
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28
Q

Why did article 48 exist?

A

As a counterbalance to any potential ‘elected parliamentary dictatorship’

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29
Q

What were the positives of article 48? (2)

A
  • Ebert used it to give power to the military to protect the republic by putting down the Munich putsch
  • also used to pass Streseman’s economic plans
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30
Q

What was the background to the Kapp Putsch? (3)

A
  • 28th June 1919 - Treaty of Versailles signed, with it, Germany was to have its military restricted
  • October 1919: National association founded by Ludendorff and Kapp
  • General von Lüttwitz (leader of the Freikorps) joined, army discontented with demands to downsize
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31
Q

When and how did the events of the Kapp Putsch occur? (5)

A
  • March 1920 Government orders disbanding of the Ehrahrdt marine brigade and Baltikum stationed in Berlin
  • 13th March 1920: 5000 troops from the brigade tried to seize government buildings in Berlin
  • commanders refused to release troops to stop the putsch
  • the government fled to Stuttgart
  • the putsch collapsed after trade unions (linked to the SPD) called a general strike and Kapp fled to Sweden with no authority
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32
Q

What was the aftermath of the Kapp Putsch?

A
  • the Putsch led to major communist uprisings across Germany and
  • led to more division between the right wing groups and the republic
  • the ‘Weimar coalition’ suffered heavy losses on having 45% of the seats
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33
Q

Why did Germany sign the treaty of Rapallo?

A
  • Genoa conference April 1922 - Germans insulted by the French insistence to pay reparations in full
  • to remove Germany from international isolation - a deal with the soviets at Rapallo in April
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34
Q

What law passed after the murder of Walther Rathenau

And

What was its aim and what were the results

A
  • June 1922: Law for the Protection of the Republic
  • it was meant to impose severe penalties on acts of political violence
  • proved weak as many judges who opposed the republic refused to implement it in practice
35
Q

What was the German national debt in 1919

And

What did it increase to in 1922

A
  • 144 billion reichsmarks
  • 469 billion reichsmarks
36
Q

Why and how did the French occupy the Ruhr? (4)

A

Why:

  • Germans were unable to pay reparations in 1923 and 1924 and didn’t deliver promised coal and timber (promised under ToV)
  • Also the allies believed the Germans had engineered the crisis to end reparations

How:

  • 11th January 1923 French engineers were sent to the Ruhr to secure coal mines
  • backed up by 60,000 French and Belgian troops
37
Q

What were the results of the occupation of the Ruhr and the govt’s response? (5)

A
  • passive resistance reduced coal deliveries for France and Belgium considerably
  • German govt had to pay millions of marks to those who had lost revenue due to passive resistance
  • the loss of vital revenue from the area led to the Germans minting more notes
  • By August 1923 there were 663 billion marks in circulation leading to hyperinflation
    1. in December 1922 the exchange rate was 8,000 marks for a dollar
    2. by November 1923 it had reached 4.2 billion
38
Q

Who became chancellor in August 1923?

A

Gustav Stresemann

39
Q

How did Stresemann immediately stabilize the economy? (4)

1923 policies - give dates

A
  • September 1923 - reparation payments resumed and French agreed to set up a commission to study the problem of the German economy
  • November 1923 - Rentenmark currency established replacing the old mark - printing strictly limited
  • Minister Luther sacked 700,000 state employees - balanced budget
  • November 1923 - Retenbank (soon known as Reichsbank) opened - Hjalmar Schact appointed special currency commissioner
40
Q

What was the German October?

When was it?

What were its results?

A
  • KPD uprising in October 1923 in Saxony and Thuringia
  • crushed before it began but in Hamburg the uprising happened but was crushed by the army
  • this offended the SPD who left the government
41
Q

What were the results of the 1924 election?

A
  • radical parties (far left and right wing) increased votes
  • Wilhelm Marx formed a coalition government with his party (centre) the DDP and the DVP
42
Q

What was the goal of the Dawes plan?

and

Who helped make it?

A
  • find a solution to the reparations issue under the slogan ‘Business not Politics’
  • Charles Dawes and Gustav Stresemann
43
Q

What were the terms of the Dawes Plan? (6)

And

When was it ratified?

A

Terms:

  • France leave the Ruhr and further sanctions be harder to apply
  • total figure for payment: 6.6 billion reichmarks
  • Reparations would be paid over a longer period and credit would be advanced to help rebuild the German economy
  • International loan of 800 million marks granted to cover four fifths of the reparation payments
  • higher level of reparations of 2.5 billion marks a year set by the London payments plan would be paid after 1929
  • Reichsbank reorganized under allied supervision. Reparations to be paid in such a way as not to threaten stability of the German currency

Ratified:

  • Aug 1924
44
Q

Why did the Dawes plan have opposition?

and

How did it pass the reichstag?

A
  • it included accepting to continue paying reparations —> legitimization
  • it passed due to the support of the largest right wing party the DNVP
  • though people disliked aspects of it they were willing to work within the system
45
Q

Why did Germany struggle to form coalitions between 1924-1928?

A
  • SPD refused to enter coalitions with ‘bourgeois parties’ on the right wing - despite being the largest party - SPD more doctrinaire
  • New more Marxist policies also meant coalition with the right wing would compromise party ideals
  • this helped weaken the republic by weakening the process of democracy
46
Q

Who was elected president in 1925 and on what date

And

Why did this weaken the republic?

A
  • Paul Von Hindenburg 26th April 1925
  • Refused (originally) to allow SPD in any government coalition - SPD were the largest party
  • also Hindenburg was not a keen supporter of the Republic
47
Q

What happened in the 1928 election in Germany? (4)

A
  • Left wing parties made gains - SPD and KPD both growing; SPD gaining 22 seats and KPD gaining 9
  • Centre and right wing parties had a sharp fall
  • DNVP vote fell from 20.5% the 14.2% led to a shift in party policy, renouncing their desire to return to the monarchy but this didn’t succeed as they elected anti democratic leader Hugenberg
  • mainstream parties lost lots of votes while fringe parties such as Bauernbund or the Deutches Landvolk gaining votes showing political disillusionment with the major parties
48
Q

What was the background to German Economic problems between 1924-1929

(3)

A
  • slow growth and stagnation
  • trade union powers kept wages high, limiting middle class income
  • structurally weak and unstable system based on foreign loans
49
Q

What were the pros and cons of the foreign investment in Germany

A

Pros:

  • Important to eleviate suffering from hyperinflation
  • enabled Germany to start reconstruction

Cons:

  • high risk - if a global recession happened (particularly in the USA) it would lead to massive withdrawal
50
Q

How many Germans were unemployed in 1928

A
  • 1.3 million
  • 8.5% of the workforce
51
Q

Why was there industrial unrest in Germany between 1923-1929 (3)

A
  • workers perceived employers to be attacking labour rights (e.g. allowed to institute 10 hour days)
  • employers resisted union demands for higher wages to the extent that 76,000 cases in 8 years were brought to arbitration
  • after 210,000 workers were locked out of working in the Ruhr owners wouldn’t accept the results of arbitration
52
Q

What reforms where introduced by Prince Max of Baden in October 1918? (3)

A
  • Wilhelm II gave up his powers to the army and navy to the Reichstag
  • chancellor and govt would be accountable to the Reichstag, not the king
  • Armistice negotiations opened with the allies (WWI)
53
Q

How were Prince Max’s reforms referred to by many?

A

‘A revolution from above’

54
Q

What was the Ebert-Groener agreement?

A
  • an agreement to guarantee army support for the SPD coalition
  • as long as they opposed revolutionary socialism (spartacists) and the army kept its power and influence
55
Q

When was the KPD formed?

A

1st January 1919

56
Q

Why was democracy in the Weimar Republic immediately fragile?

How was this evident? (2)

A
  • Elites from the 2nd Reich stayed prominent and opposed the system of democracy
  • support for the DNVP was high - 10.3% in Jan 1919
  • also the civil service, army etc. remained conservative
57
Q

What was the goal of Müllers grand coalition

and

When did it take office and who did it include?

A
  • help pass the young plan through the Reichstag
  • June 1928 - SPD, DDP, DVP, Centre and BVP
58
Q

What were the terms of the Young Plan? (5)

A
  • creation of a timescale for German payment of reparations (2 billion marks/year until 1988)
  • Transfer of Marks into foreign currency done by bank of international settlements - Basel Switzerland
  • Payment to increase gradually from 1929 to 1932
  • Germany to pay 3/4 less than 6.6 billion reichmarks stated in Dawes - 1.85 billion reichmarks total
  • If Germany followed the plan - France would evacuate Rhineland by June 1930
59
Q

When was the Wall Street crash

and

What was the immediate affect on Germany

not just economic impacts

A
  • October 1929
  • German reliance on short term loans from America collapsed
  • growth of unemployment February 1929 17.7% population unemployed
  • collapse of the ‘grand coalition’
  • unemployment insurance cost the government a lot of money
60
Q

When was the Treaty of Versailles signed?

A

June 28th 1919

61
Q

Under the Treaty of Versailles, which areas were handed over by plebiscite (referendum)? (2)

What were these examples of?

A

1.

  • Upper Silesia - split between Poland and Germany
  • Northern Schlesweig - given to Denmark
  1. Wilson’s policy of ‘self-determination’ (1 of 14 points)
62
Q

Why did many Germans refer to the Treaty of Versailles as being a ‘Diktat’?

A

Many felt it was imposed without any negotiation

63
Q

How did German relations with the allies begin to improve

A

Gustav Stresemann created opportunities to revise the treaty of Versailles through constructive diplomacy

64
Q

What was the background to the Locarno treaties

A
  • French attitude changed after the backlash from their occupation of the Ruhr which led to them having a more sympathetic policy towards Germany
  • a possible Anglo-French agreement would address the issue of French security possibly leading to a prolonged occupation of the Rhineland
  • a statement from the Allies in January 1925 that they were pushing back the vacating of cologne
  • the British suggested a pact with France and French foreign minister Aristide Briand accepted to guarantee French borders
65
Q

What was in the Locarno treaties

and

When was it signed

A
  • 1 December 1925
  • Treaty of mutual guarantee of the Franco-German and Belgian-German borders was signed with Italy and Britain guaranteeing the agreement
  • Agreed not to use force to alter these frontiers
  • Also, a series of arbitration treaties signed between Germany and France, Poland, Czechoslovakia and Belgium
66
Q

How did Stresemann affect the Locarno treaties? (3)

A
  • Held out against a Locarno style settlement for Germany’s eastern borders hoping for future revision
  • incredibly successful managing to secure guarantees from France that it wouldn’t attack Germany in the cases of a war against Poland in which Germany was not the aggressor
  • led to the first evacuation from the Rhineland in 1925
67
Q

When did Germany join the League of Nations?

A
  • September 8th 1926 following Locarno
  • Stresemann managed to get Germany a permanent seat on the council and was free from the military obligations
68
Q

How did Germany’s relations internationally change between 1925-1927?

not including rapallo or League of Nations entry

A
  • Treaty of Berlin with Soviet Union reaffirming the treaty of Rapallo stressing each other’s neutrality if the other was attacked
  • German relations with the Allies improved. In late 1926 the allied occupation forces were cut by 60,000 and withdrew from Germany - was set up to oversee German disarmament in January 1927 - backtrack
  • commercial treaty was signed between France and Germany in August 1927. However tensions remained between the two heightened by Hindenburgs speech on 18 September in which he denied war guilt
69
Q

What successes did Stresemann have between 1924-1929? (7)

A
  • Fulfilment: showing how impossible it was to pay reparations etc. Led to the revision of some articles
  • Soviet Union: Treaty of Berlin created a fear of a Russo-German alliance - western powers took a more sympathetic approach to Germany
  • Locarno: Created better relations with France while leaving out a deal about the eastern border of Germany and also securing a guarantee from France that if Germany were attacked by Poland they wouldn’t join the Polish
  • Revision of Versailles: After improvements in relations between France and Germany Stresemann and Briand met in Thiory in September 1926 failing to find a solution to the continued occupation of the Rhineland however the young plan helped solve that issue in 1929-1930
  • Growing Diplomatic influence: Stresemanns policies resulted in Germany regaining diplomatic influence. Acceptance into the League of Nations in 1926 with a permanent seat on the council is another success
  • Dawes plan 1924: fundamental in strengthening Germanys industrial base and better relations with the USA improving trade
  • Young Plan 1929: was Stresemanns last major diplomatic achievement linked to the evacuation of the Rhineland & the successful revision of reparations as well as other benefits to Germany including rescheduling of debts to 2 billion paid yearly until 1988
70
Q

What are the arguments that Stresemann failed in his foreign affairs policy? (2)

A
  • Versailles: The main issue of war guilt wasn’t dealt with by Stresemann and still undermined the state and many Germans didn’t support him as 5.8 million voted for the freedom law that opposed the young plan and labeled Stresemann a traitor
  • Not much room for manoeuvre: Lack of military at his disposal limited his options to only peaceful policy. Although he helped stabilize the economy those wanting radical changes to Versailles still acted as a destabilizing influence on German politics
71
Q

What changes in female employment in Weimar Germany could be seen? (5)

A
  • similar number of overall women working
  • more in public employment (teaching, civil service or social work) or in shops and industry
  • women workers known as Doppelverdiener became a source of debate - most people believed in traditional roles
  • led to condemnation after companies began laying off higher paid men first
  • led to the 1932 the Law governing the Legal status of Female civil service and public officials passed making it easier to dismiss female civil servants and public officials - vast majority of Germans accepted

As a whole, German society wanted traditional family roles, Nazis exploited this

72
Q

What was unique about welfare in the Weimar Republic

and

What were some of the points promised (3)

A
  • The welfare state was promised in the constitution and was seen as a basic right
  • Religious freedom guaranteed - no discrimination in who could obtain welfare
  • Respect for private property, commitment to build new houses, employee protection
73
Q

What changes were made to public welfare in terms of benefits

and

What were the issues before the war(4)

A
  • before the war benefit claimants were unable to vote and faced a stigma
  • because of a new class of claimants because of the war The Reich Relief Law and Serious Disability Laws in 1920 created the framework of support
  • many claimants still received benefits at a subsistence level i.e. only covered basic necessities
  • in 1927 the Labour Exchanges and Unemployment insurance law created unemployment insurance - this eventually cost the govt dearly in 1929
74
Q

How did the Weimar Republic finance the Welfare State?

figures needed

A
  • Increase in taxation by 1919
  • Erzberger raised taxes from 9% in 1913 to 17% in 1925
75
Q

How many people did Germany lose through the Treaty of Versailles?

A

7 million

76
Q

Which article of the ToV stipulated German war guilt?

A

Article 231

77
Q

What were the terms of the treaty of Rapallo? (2)

A
  • Lands taken by Germany in Brest-Litovsk returned to Russia
  • Russia would help train German soldiers contrary to Versailles
78
Q

What were the signatories of the ToV known as by the Right Wing?

A

The ‘November Criminals’

79
Q

How many electoral districts were there in Weimar Germany?

How many Länder?

A
  • 35 districts
  • 17 Länder
80
Q

What were the 2 levels of govt in Weimar Germany?

What is this system known as?

A
    • Länder
    • the federal / central govt
  2. Federalism
81
Q

What attempts were made to violently overthrow the govt in Weimar Germany?

Give dates and state what ‘wing’ they were on.

A

Left wing:

  • Spartacist rising - Jan 1919
  • ‘Raterrepublik’ Bavaria - March-May 1919
  • Red rising in Rühr - March 1920
  • ‘German October’ Saxony - October 1923

Right wing:

  • Kapp Putsch Berlin - April 1920
  • Nazi Munich Putsch - November 1923

Both sides:

  • political assassinations 1919 - 1922 (e.g. in consul org):
    1. 22 by left
    2. 354 by right
82
Q

Why was the Weimar constitution potentially weak? (5)

A
  • PRstv guaranteed coalitions - unstable
  • many did not believe in democracy anyway
  • article 48 undermined democracy - potential dictatorship
  • for reactionaries, increased individual rights were an issue
  • also élites were opposed to the introduction of welfare due to increased taxation
83
Q

Which key parts of the Weimar state apparatus wanted a return to the 2nd Reich?

A

Broadly speaking:

  • judiciary
  • civil service
  • army

Held by ‘vested interests’ and dominated by élites, or certainly reluctant to change

84
Q

How much in total did the US offer in loans to Weimar Germany prior to the WSC?

A

20 billion reichsmarks

CCEA AS History Units 1 And 2 (9 decks)

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