U1-T4 Community Diversity and Procedural Justice

Question 1

distinguishing the concepts of lawful actions and police legitimacy

Answer 1

• _{lawful - defined by laws and standards}
  
  • _{criminal law - decides what actions are prohibited}
  • _{rules of the agency - administrative rules, general orders, standard operatiing procedures}
  • _{constitutional law - fourth, fifth, and sixth amendments}
  • _{officers can act lawfully and within parameters of their agency policy and the citizenry still not perceive there to be police legitimacy - there can be lawful but awful interations}
• _{Police Legitimacy - exisits when the public view of the police as authorized to exercise power in order to maintain social order, manage conflicts, and solve problems in the community}

Question 2

3 resulting judgements of police legitimacy in action that translate to positive results

Answer 2

judgment

Question 3

circumstances where filming police officers is permissible

Answer 3

1. at least one party consents to the encounter
2. as long as it does not interfere with officers carrying out their duties

Question 4

relationship between race, genetics, and physical traits

Answer 4

• race is a concept used to classify people by similar observable phyicsal traits
• it is not based on genetics

Question 5

the connection of in groups, out groups, and police legitimacy

Answer 5

some indiviuals interpret their encounters with police in terms of their groups societal position rather than the immeidiate circumstances of the police contact

Question 6

Types of Racism

Answer 6

• individual racism
  
  • _{internalized, unexpresed biases and prejudices based on race}
• interpersonal racism
  
  • includes public expressions of racial predjudice and hate made by individuals
  • _{<em><span>occurs between indivivuals </span></em>}
• institutional racism
  
  • _{<em><span>occurs within institutions </span></em>}
  • _{<em><span>race based discriminitory policies and treatment that are produced and perpetuatedby institutions </span></em>}
  • _{<em><span>included the discriminitory actions of individuals exercising the authority of the institution </span></em>}
• Structural Racism
  
  • ^{<em>refers to the collective way history, culture, and institutions reinforce and perpetuate radicalized outcomes, even in the absence of racist intent </em>}
  • ^{<em>it is broadly encompassing - it touches all aspects of society </em>}
  • ^{<em>indicators include power inequalities, unequal access to oppurtunities, and differing policy outcomes by race, wheter or not intentional </em>}

Question 7

Components of Bias

Answer 7

• stereotypes - generalizations about the perceieved typical characteristics of a social category
• Prejudices - an often negative prejudgment based on characteristics such as race, age, ect. that is not reasonable or logical
• Attitude - positve or negative feelings associated with individuals or groups; The tendancy to like or dislike someone

Question 8

Bias Based Profiling and Criminal Profiling

Answer 8

• bias based profiling, racial profiling, and illegal profiling have the same meaning
• bias based profiling is unequal treatment by a LEO of any person by stopping, questioning, searching, detaining, or arresting, another based on the persons race, gender, religion, or sexual orientation
• Criminal Profiling - based on observed behaviors and characteristics
• Bias - Based Profiling - the factors of race/ethnicity and bias towards that race are initiating factors for law enforcement intervention

Question 9

Two Types of Bias

Answer 9

• _{Explicit Bias and Implicit Bias - common characterisitcs}
  
  • _{everyone has them}
  • _{real world effects on behavior}
  • _{can relate to race, religion, sexuality, gender, ect}
• _{Explicit Bias -}
  
  • _{<em>concious preference (positive or negative) for a social category </em>}
• _{Implicit Bias -<em> </em>}
  
  • _{<em>Preference for a social category based on stereotypes or attitudes that we hold and tend to develop early in life and that operate outside of our awareness </em>}
  • _{<em>while the two types of biases may reinforce each other, implicit biases can be dissociated from explicit biases because implicit biases do not necessarily align with our beleifs</em>}
  • _{<em>implicit biases are largely hidden from us but have the potential to impact our actions </em>}

Question 10

Two Modes of Thinking

Answer 10

• _{Automatic Thinking}
  
  • _unconcious
  • _effortless
  • _automatic
  • _{uses associative memory}
  • _{very fast}
  • _{simplifies tasks}
  • _{protection mechanism}
• _{Deliberative thinking}
  
  • _concious
  • _effortful
  • _controlled
  • _deliberative
  • _slower

Question 11

Strategies to Counter Implicit Biases

Answer 11

• _{<u>guarding against its influence in decision making </u>}
  
  • _{recognize that everyone has biases and think critically about your own}
  • _{seek greater awareness and more education}
  • _{know when you are susceptible}
• _{Overcoming biases}
  
  • _{recognizing stereotypes and reflecting on why the response occured creates a process to consider how to avoid the biased response and replace it with an unbiased one}
  • _{counter stereotypic imaging - develop new associations by looking at positive examples that challenge negative associations}
• _{<u>Effort Required</u> - intention attention and time are needed}

Question 12

Two pronged approach to procedural justice

Answer 12

• Person based approach
  
  • Emphasizes the importance of face-to-face interactions between an officer and a citizen
• Community based model
  
  • Ultimate goal is to achieve police legitimacy throughout entire society

Question 13

The community bank account concept as it relates to procedural justice

Answer 13

• Every encounter is either a deposit or withdrawal
  
  • Deposits
    
    • Police must go to preserves of public trust through actions that reflect courtesy kindness and honesty
  • withdrawls
    
    • occur from the community bank account police actions reflect overreaction discourteousness or disrespectful behavior open please ignore people or betrayed their trust

Question 14

Four core principles of procedural justice

Answer 14

1. Giving others a voice
2. Respectful treatment
3. Neutrality in decision making
4. Trustworthiness