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PE 2025 > U1; Human Body in Motion > Flashcards

U1; Human Body in Motion Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A

-Body Movement
-Framework
-Protection
-Mineral Storage
-Production of Red Blood Cells

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2
Q

Explain Body Movement

A

To attach muscles and create movement

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3
Q

Explain Framework

A

To provide framework and upright posture

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4
Q

Explain Protection

A

To protect vital organs e.g heart and brain

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5
Q

Explain Mineral Storage

A

To store minerals such as calcium, phosphorous, sodium and potassium

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6
Q

Explain Production of Red Blood Cells

A

To produce red blood cells in the cavity of long bones

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7
Q

EG QUESTION
Identify two functions of the skeletal system and discuss how these functions assist performance in a game of soccer

A

-Body Movement: occurs via muscles pulling on bones. The hamstrings and quadriceps pull on the femur to allow for the leg to produce the kicking action in a game of soccer.
-Production of red blood cells: RBC assist in transporting oxygen to the muscles for energy to be produced by a soccer player

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8
Q

Name the types of bones

A

Short, Long, Sesamoid, Flat, Irregular

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9
Q

Describe short bones and eg

A

Roughly cubicle, same width and length (eg carpals and tarsals)

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10
Q

Describe long bones and eg

A

Longer than they are wide, hollow shaft containing marrow (eg femur, phalanges, humerus)

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11
Q

Describe sesamoid bones and eg

A

Small bones developed in tendons around some joints (e.g patella and pisiform)

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12
Q

Describe flat bones and eg

A

Provide flat areas (thin and wide) for muscle attachment, usually enclose cavities for protecting organs (eg scapula, ribs, sternum and cranium)

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13
Q

Describe irregular bones and eg

A

Have no regular shape or characteristics (eg vertebra, maxilla, mandible)

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14
Q

What are the three connective tissue/joint components?

A

Cartilage, Ligaments, Tendons

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15
Q

Describe Cartilage

A

-Located at ends of bones
-Decreases friction/absorb shock to facilitate movement
(e.g between vertebra or in knee joint at end of femur and fibula)

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16
Q

Describe Ligaments

A

-Joins bone to bone to facilitate stability
-Cross over joints
(e.g ACL)

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17
Q

Describe Tendons

A

-Joins muscles to bone to facilitate movement
(e.g Achillies Tendon)

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18
Q

Name three types of joints

A

Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial

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19
Q

Describe Fibrous Joints and provide eg

A

Bones are bound by a tough, fibrous tissue. They are fixed and immovable. eg Skull, pelvis and sacrum

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20
Q

Describe Cartilaginous Joints and provide eg

A

When bones are joined together entirely by cartilage. They allow more movement than fibrous joints but less movement than synovial joints. eg Between vertebrae

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21
Q

Describe Synovial Joints and provide eg

A

Has a fluid-filled joint cavity contained within a fibrous capsule. They are freely movable. e.g Shoulder, elbow, wrist

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22
Q

Name the 6 types of synovial joints

A

Ball and socket, Hinge, Pivot, Condyloid, Gliding, Saddle

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23
Q

Describe Ball and Socket joints and give an eg

A

Allows for movement in all directions. eg Hip and shoulder

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24
Q

Describe Hinge joints and give an eg

A

Allows movement in backwards (flexion) and forwards (extension)

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25
Describe Pivot joints and give an eg
One bone rotates around another e.g axis of neck, radius and ulna of the forearm
26
Describe Condyloid joints and give an eg
Allows movement in two direction. Either forwards and backwards or sideways. e.g wrist
27
Describe Gliding joints and give an eg
Allows for gliding or sliding movements such as sideways, backwards or forwards e.g carpals of the wrist or tarsals of the ankle
28
Describe Saddle joints and give an eg
Allows movement in two direction. Either forward and backwards or sideways. e.g base of thumb
29
Name the anatomical positions
Medial, Lateral, Superficial, Deep, Proximal, Distal, Supine, Prone
30
Name the anatomical terms of reference
Anterior, Posterior, Superior, Inferior
31
Name the anatomical movements
Flexion, Extension, Adduction, Abduction, Rotation, Circumdation, Supination, Pronation, Eversion, Inversion, Plantar Flexion, Dorsi Flexion
32
Medal
Towards midline
33
Lateral
Away from the midline
34
Superficial
Closer to the body surface
35
Deep
Further from the body's surface
36
Proximal
Closer to the point where the limb attaches to the body
37
Distal
Further from the point of attachment
38
Supine
Laying on back, arms next to side, palms facing medial
39
Prone
Laying on stomach, arms relaxed by side, palms facing medial
40
Anterior
Towards the front
41
Posterior
Towards the rear
42
Superior
Towards the head
43
Inferior
Towards the feet
44
Flexion
Decrease in joint angle
45
Extension
Increase in joint angle
46
Adduction
Body part moving towards the midline of the body
47
Abduction
Body part moving away from the midline of the body
48
Rotation
Body part is moved outwards or inwards about its long axis
49
Circumduction
Body part is moved in a cone shape
50
Supination
Rotation of the forearm causing the palm to face upwards
51
Pronation
Rotation of the forearm causing the palm to face downwards
52
Eversion
Rotating the sole of the foot outward
53
Inversion
Rotating the sole of the foot inward
54
Plantar Flexion
Pointing toes towards the ground
55
Dorsi Flexion
Pointing toes upwards
56
What are the muscles from left to right of the quadriceps?
Rectus femoris, Vastus interedialis, Vastus medialis (vastus intermedialis is under rectus femoris t/f can't be seen)
57
What are the muscles from left to right on hamstrings?
Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranous
58
Muscles vs Muscle Groups
Muscles = indiviudal Muscle groups = multiple muscles to form a group
59
What are the three muscle fibre arrangements?
Fusiform, Pennate, Radiate
60
Explain Fusiform
Fusiform muscles are long and thin. Fibres run the length of the muscle belly. Low force and high mobility e.g biceps
61
Explain Uni Pennate
Fibres run on one side of the central tendon. Medium force and low mobility. e.g semimembranosus and tibialis anterior
62
Explain Bi Pennate
Fibres run on either side of the central tendon. High force and low mobility. e.g rectus femoris
63
Explain Multi Pennate
Fibres branch out from several tendons. Very high force and low mobility. e.g deltoid
64
Explain Radiate
Fibres fan/radiate out from the main tendo. High strength and high mobility. e.g pectoralis major, trapezius, gluteous maximus
65
Explain Type 1 Muscle Fibres (colour, suited to, resistance to fatigue, speed of muscle contraction and force production)
Colour; Red Suited to; Marathon, long-distance events Fatigue resistance; High resistance Speed of muscle contraction; Slow Force production; Low
66
Explain Type 2a Muscle Fibres (colour, suited to, resistance to fatigue, speed of muscle contraction and force production)
Colour; Pink Suited to; Middle distance events e.g 800m and midfielders in team sports Fatigue resistance; Medium Speed of muscle contraction; Fast Force production; High
67
Explain Type 2b Muscle Fibres (colour, suited to, resistance to fatigue, speed of muscle contraction and force production)
Colour; White Suited to; 100m sprint, athletic field events eg shot put, long jump Fatigue resistance; Low Speed of muscle contraction; Very fast Force production; Very high
68
What are the types of muscular contractions?
Isotonic concentric, Isotonic eccentric, Isometric, Isokinetic
69
Explain Isotonic Concentric (eg)
Muscle shortens when contracting. Occurs when working against gravity (eg up phase of bicep curl)
70
Explain Isotonic Eccentric (eg)
Muscle lengthens when contracting. Occurs when moving in the same direction as gravity. (eg down phase of bicep curl)
71
Explain Isometric (eg)
Muscle length stays the same when contracting. (eg wall sit, hover)
72
Explain Isokinetic (eg)
Muscle length changes and the force created by the muscle is maximal through the whole range of motion. (eg special isokinetic machines such as isokinetic leg press and hamstring curl)
73
Name the 7 components of a sacromere
Myosin, Myosin cross bridge, Actin, A band H zone, Z line, I band
74
Myosin
Thick filment
75
Myosin cross bridge
Used to grab the actin
76
Actin
Thin filaments that slide in and out when the muscle contracts and relaxes
77
A band
Length of the Myosin. Doesn't change.
78
H zone
DIstance between Actin on one side of the sacromere and the Actin on the other. Shortens and disappears when the muscle contracts.
79
Z line
Side wall of the sacromere. Separates one sacromere from the next one. Gets closer when contracted.
80
I band
Distance between Myosin in one sacromere and the Myosin in the next one. Gets shorter when the muscle contracts.
81
Explain the long version of the Sliding Filament Theory during a muscular contraction.
-Myosin cross bridges attach to the actin filaments at the binding site -They then pull them into the centre of the sacromere in a rowing action known as the power stroke -This causes the h zone to shorten and then disappear. -Cross bridges continue to detach and reattach themselves from the actin filaments shortening the sacromere. -Muscle will relax when the cross bridge detach from the actin and the H zone will reappear and lengthen.
82
When sacromere is contracting what happens to the; -Aband
Unchanged
83
When sacromere is contracting what happens to the; -H zone
Shortens and disappears
84
When sacromere is contracting what happens to the; -I band
Shortens
85
When sacromere is contracting what happens to the; -Z line
Unchanged
86
When sacromere is relaxing what happens to the; -A band
Unchanged
87
When sacromere is relaxing what happens to the; -H zone
Lengthens and reappears
88
When sacromere is relaxing what happens to the; -I band
Lengthens
89
When sacromere is relaxing what happens to the; -Z line
Unchanged
90
What is a motor unit?
Consists of a motor neuron and the muscle fibres that it stimulates.
91
Explain precision and motor units
The number of fibres within a motor unit varies according to the precision of the movement required.
92
Explain the All or Nothing principle
-Muscle fibres cannot vary the amount of force they produce. They simply contract fully or not at all. -A single muscle contraction is initiated by an electrical signal from the brain to a motor unit. -When the stimulus strength reaches a certain threshold the muscle will contract fully -If the stimulus strength threshold is not met, the muscle will not contract at all.
93
How can you vary the amount of force in an effort?
By varying the number of motor units recruited.
94
What does recruitment mean in relation to varying force production?
It involves increasing the number of motor units that are activated. As a general rule, motor units are recruited in order of their size. So when muscle is first activated, the earliest motor units to fire will be small and as strength of muscle contraction is increased, larger units are recruited. e.g small weight for bicep curl = small number of motor units recruited heavy weight = more motor units are activated in order to produce more force
95

PE 2025 (3 decks)

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