Cardiorespiratory System Flashcards
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
-Brings air from atmosphere into lungs
-Transfers O2 into the blood at the lungs
-Removes CO2 from the blood at the lungs
-Expels heat and water vapour in the air breathed out
-Allows the vocal cords to create speech as air breathed out
What are the 7 components of the respiratory system?
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveolo
Function of nasal cavity
Air is warmed, filtered and moistened
Function of pharynx
Pathway of air to the larynx
Function of larynx
Produces speech/sounds
Function of trachea
Takes air to the lungs. Made of rings of cartilage.
Function of bronchi
Trachea splits into two bronchi which feeds each of the lungs
Function of bronchioles
Smallest branches of the airways which feeds each of the lungd
Function of alveolo
Where O2 and CO2 are exchanged with the bloodstream. Are one cell thick and are surrounded by capillaries.
What is the pleura?
The pleura covers each lung. The gap between the membrane and each lung is filled with a fluid that allows lung to expand and contract with each breath with minimal friction between the lung and its surrounding body tissue.
Mechanic of breathing for inspiration
-When the diaphragm contracts it pulls downwards on the ribcage
-Intercostals also contract pulling ribcage out
-This expands the volume of the chest cavity
-The larger chest cavity decreases pressure inside the lungs (high pressure outside the lungs)
-Air travels from high to low pressure/concentration - air is sucked into the lungs
Mechanic of breathing for expiration
-Diaphragm and intercostals relax (diaphragm moves upwards)
-Also, elasticity of thorax squeezes out any air from the chest cavity
Define Ventilation
The amount of air breathed in (inspiration) and out (expiration) during one minute
How do you calculate it and what are the units?
V=TVXRR
L/min
Define Tidal Volume
The amount of air breathed in and out per breath
What is tidal volume at rest?
500 millilitres but can increase dramatically during exercise
Define respiratory rate
The number of breaths per minute
Define Total Lung Capacity
The volume of air that can be held in the lungs after maximum inspiration
VO2 definition and difference when VO2 MAX, also what is it measured in?
also what is the average
The (maximum) amount of oxygen that can be taken in, transported to and used by the working muscles to produce ATP
-measured in mL/kg/min
-average is aprox 35ml/kg/min for normal person and athlete is average 70ml/kg/min
Define gaseous exchange
Diffusion involves gases moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Explain exchange of gases in the lungs
Inspiration involves air entering the lungs and travelling into alveoli > capilaries surround the alveoli > both have thin walls and oxygen breathed in can go from higher concentration in the alveoli to the lower concentration of the surrounding capillaries > once in the capillaries, the o2 attaches to the haemoglobin in the red blood cells to be transported to the muscles and other cells in the body. when combined = oxyhaemoglobing. during expiration, the carbon dioxide in the capillaries is under higher concentration than the air in the alveoli. the carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveoli and is expelled on outward breaths.
Explain gaseous exchange at the muscle
O2 from high concentration at capillary to lower concentration at muscle site. reverse for carbon dioxide
What are the purposes of acute responses of the respiratory system?
Greater demand for oxygen to be delivered to the working muscles to create energy AND the associated removal of waste products
Name the 6 acute responses of the respiratory system
-increased RR
-increased TV
-increased V
-increased diffusion
-increased VO2
-increased effort from the rib cage and diaphragm
Explain increased RR and average and what during exercise
Due to increased demand for oxygen and the need for removal of CO2
Average is 12-15 breaths per minute
Under high intensity, can reach 35-45 breaths per minute
Explain increased TV and average and what during exercise
In order to supply more O2 to the blood to deliver to working muscles
At rest, approx 0.5L per breath
This can incrrease to 4-5L per breath at max workload
Explain increased TV and average and what during exercise
Due to increase in RR and TV, V will also increase.
At rest, V is approx 6.0L/min
During max exercise, can increase dramatically e.g 180L/min
Explain increased diffusion
During physical activity, the diffusion capacity at the alveolo/capillary and muscle/capillary interface is increased to allow greater amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide to be exchanged at these sites
Explain increased VO2
Oxygen uptake increases as a result of increased ventilation, due to the greater demand for oxygen by the muscles. the increase is linear, but will not increase further once max is met. at rest, 0.35L/min but during submax can be 2-3.L/min
Explain increased effort from the ribcage and diaphragm
during physical activity, the external and internal intercostal muscles as well as the diaphragm will work harder to enable increased expansion and contraction of the thoracic cavity
this increased movement of the cavity will accomodate the increased air volumes that are being demanded by the working muscles in order to gain their extra oxygen
What are the 5 functions of the cardiovascular system?
-It circulates blood to all parts of the body
-It transports water, oxygen and nutrients to the cells
-It transports wastes including carbon dioxide away from the cells
-It helps maintain correct body temperature
-It helps fight disease through the white blood cells and antibodies contained in the blood
What do the valves in the heart ensure?
They ensure that blood flows in the correct direction within the heart.
What is the septum?
It divides the heart into two pumps. The blood in the two pumps does not mix because the left pump has oxygenated blood and the right pump has deoxygenated blood.
Explain systolic BP and diastolic BP
systolic - contraction of the heart when blood is forced out of the ventricles into the arteries
diastolic - relaxation of the heart when heart fills with blood from the veins
Say the path of blood through the heart
vena cava > right atrium > tricuspid valve > right ventricle > pulmonary artery > lungs > pulmonary vein > left atrium > bicuspid valve > left ventricle > aorta
Define cardiac output, units and average measurements
Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute. It is measured in L/min. Calculated by HR X SV
Males = average 5L/min
Females = average 4L/min
Define heart rate and average
It is the number of beats your heart does per minute.
At rest, the average heart rate is about 72 beats per minute.
Define stroke volume and average
It is the amount of blood pumped by each beat of the heart. As an individual becomes fitter, stroke volume increases from approx 70ml/beat to 100ml/beat
Explain increase of SV and HR
Heart rate increases in linear fashion BUT stroke volume also increases in a linear fashion until it reaches its maximum and then plateaus at the body’s overall sub maximum intensity
Describe and explain arteries
They carry blood away from the heart to the body. Generally, the blood in arteries is deoxygenated but we can’t say that as pulmonary artery is deoxygenated. artery walls are elastic so they can expand eith each heart beat - this is your pulse. arteries reduce in size to become aterioles
Where can we measure heart rate?
Carotid = neck
Radial = wrist
What are some factors affecting heart rate?
GENDER
TEMPERATURE
EATING
LAUGHING
SMOKING
BODY POSITION
EXERCISE
Explain capillaries
Smallest blood vessel, are where the exchnage of nutrients and waste betwen the blood and body cells occur, when you exercise capillaries vasodilate to allow increased blood flow. pre-capillary spinchters also allow more blood flow by opening up and chaneneling blood depending on conditions. capillaries carry wate onto the venules and onto the veins
Define vasodilation and vasoconstriction
Vasodilation = an increase in the diameter of a blood vessel to allow more blood to flow through
Vasoconstriction = a decrease in the diameter of a blood vessel allowing less blood to flow through
Explain veins
They carry blood back to the heart, usually blood is deoxygenated but can’t say this as pulmonary vein isn’t. walls are thin and not as elastic as arteries. contains one way valves.
define venous return
the amount of blood returning to the heart via the veins. if venous return decreases, then there is less blood for the heart to pump out per beat t/f SV decreases, one reason for decrease in venous return is venous pooling
define venous pooling
Venous pooling is blood pooling in the veins in the legs after exercise > this leads to slower recovery time as there is insufficient blood returning to the heart (decreased venous return) hence less blood and o2 going to rest of body for recovery. it can be avoided by doing an active recovery
structure of artery
large, thick, elastic wall
structure of capillary
small, thin wall, one cell thick
structure of vein
thin, large diameter, one-way valves
function of arteries
carries blood away from the heart
function of capillary
site of exchange for nutrients and wastes between cells and cardiovascular system
function of vein
carries blood back to heart
flow of blood for blood vessels?
artery>capillary>vein
how to calculate max HR
220-age
List blood composition
Plasma - about 55%
RBC - about 41%
WBC - about 4%
Platelets - 0.01%
How much blood does an individual have approximately in their body?
4-5L
Explain RBC
Makes up 99% of all blood cells. transports o2 to and co2 from the cells and muscles. contains haemoglobin which carries o2. are continuously produced in the bone marrow in the cavities of bones.
Explain WBC
Fights disease-causing organisms by absorbing and digesting them. also produced in bone marrow in cavities of long bones
What are some similarities between RBCS AND WBCS?
-Both are components of blood
-Both are created in bone marrow in cavities of long bones
Explain platelets
Cause blood to clot when a blood vessel is damaged. are smaller than RBC and produced in bone marrow
Explain plasma
Clear, yellowish fluid of which over 90% is water. carries blood cells continually passing through the capillary walls and into the cells. removes waste products
Explain systemic circulation
When oxygenated blood is transported from the heart via the left ventricle and aorta and circulated into the arteries around the body (except for the lungs) and deoxygenated blood returns to the heart via the vena cava into the right atrium
Explain pulmonary circulation
When deoxygenated blood is transported away from the heart and circulated to the lungs via the right ventricle and pulminary artery, and oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary vein and into the left atrium.
Define blood pressure and average measurement
It is the pressure exerted on the artery walls.
Average is 120/80mm Hg
Does systolic or diastole BP increase during exercise?
SYSTOLIC
Define thermoregulation
Maintenance of body temperature
What are 3 things the body does in order to maintain body temperature?
Sweating, shivering, redistribution of blood flow to the skin and around the body
What is the average body temperature?
37-38.5 degrees celsius
What temperature is considered hyperthermia and what does the body do in order to cool down?
any increase above approx 38
1. Increased blood flow to the skin in order to get closer to the cooler air. this leads to a decreased blood flow and o2 to the rest of the body therefore decreased performance
2. Increased sweat and evaporation of the sweat from the surface of the skin which cools the body, this leads to decreased blood plasma levels therefore decreased blood flow therefore less the blood and o2 to the muslces therefore decreased performance
What temperature is considered hypothermia and what does the body do to avoid it?
Below 35 degrees celsius.
1. Shivering (making the muscles move involuntarily) in order to create heat via the aerobic respiration process.
2. Redistribution of blood flow away from the extremities and towards the major organs (e.g heart, lungs and brain) in order to sustain their function and keep the blood warmer.
Performance in physical activity will be impaired as blood flow and therefore o2 to working muscles will also be reduced.
What are the 5 acute cardiovascular responses?
-increased HR, SV AND Q
-increased systolic BP
-blood flow redistribution to the working muscles
-decreased blood volume
-increase avo2 difference
why does HR increase and what fashion?
Increases in order to supply the muscles with more blood and oxygen. increase linearly
why does SV increase and what fashion?
Increases with exercise intensity but only to a certain point. bc at 60% of its max at rest and thus less room to increase
IT WILL PLATEAU AT APPROX 40-60% OF AN INDIVIDUAL’S MAX EXERCISE CAPACITY
Why does cardiac output increase?
Increases due to the increase in both HR and SV to deliver more blood and oxygen to the working muscles. increases in linear fashion
Why does systolic BP increase?
This is because during exercise, HR, SV AND Q increase so it is the fact that blood is being pumped more forcefully into the arteries
Why does blood redistribution occur during exercise?
Redistributed to working muscles and away from areas that are less needed for the activity (e.g digestive system) achieved by capillaries vasodilating and vasocontricting
Why does blood volume decrease?
Due to decrease in blood plasma levels. this is caused by loss of fluid through the thermoregulatory processes of sweat and evaporation.
What is AVO2 difference and why does it increase during exercise?
It is the difference between the amount of O2 in the arteries and the veins.
It increases as when exercising muscles need and taking more o2 from the capillaries
