U world Fuck Ups

Question 1

Altered mental status with acute renal failure in conjunction with oxalate crystals is consistent with?

Answer 1

Ethylene glycol poisoning

Question 2

eythelene glycol is what

Answer 2

a toxic alcohol that is found in antifreeze, engine coolants and brake fluids

Question 3

symptoms of ethylene glycol poisoning

Answer 3

initially: ethanol intoxication
next: acute renal failure symptoms (oliguria, flank pain) - 24 to 72 hours from ingestion

Question 4

ethylene glycol itself is non toxic but it is metabolized to?

Answer 4

glycolic acid and oxalic acid (which leads to toxicity)

Question 5

how does acute kidney injury occur in ethylene glycol toxicity?

Answer 5

it is metabolized to glycolic acid which causes direct tubular cytotoxicity

the oxalic acid it is metabolized to crystalizes and causes obstruction to the tubules

combined this results in acute tubular necrosis

Question 6

histologically has does acute tubular necrosis present

Answer 6

cell ballooning and vacuolar degeneration with normal glomeruli

Question 7

what are the lab findings in eythleneb glycol toxicity

Answer 7

elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis
elevated osmolar gap

Question 8

what are the lab findings in eythleneb glycol toxicity

Answer 8

elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis
elevated osmolar gap

Question 9

water deprivation/ dehydration results in _ release from the posterior pituitary gland

Answer 9

ADH (anti diuretic hormone)

Question 10

anti diuretic hormone (against peeing) is released from the PP and stimulates what receptors?

Answer 10

V2 receptors on the principal cells in the collecting ducts causing aqua-Orin 2 channels to translocate into the apical cell membrane.

Question 11

Aquaporin 2 spans the _ membrane and enhances?

Answer 11

luminal

water permeability of the principal cells

Question 12

in the presence of high ADH meaning we dont want to pull out water describe the tubular fluid changes throughout the nephron

Answer 12

the proximal tubule: water is reabsorbed along with electrolytes so the fluid is isotonic with plasma (300)

descending loop of henle: free water is drawn out of the tubules into the intersitium so this makes the tubular fluid hypertonic (>300)

thick and thin ascending loop of henle: primary region go urine dilution and are impermeable to water: electrolytes are passively resorbed in the thin ascending limb and actively reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb, the tubular fluid is hypotonic (less than 300)

the distal convoluted tubule: is impermeable to water so the tubular fluid remains hypotonic and reabsorption of the solutes/electrolytes such as NaCl: most dilute lesson the nephron (100)

collecting duct: highly permeable to water so water leaves the tubular fluid and hypertonic urine is formed (1200)

Question 13

GTP is synthesized by what reaction in the TCA cycle

Answer 13

succinylcholine CoA to succinate in the TCA cycle

Question 14

during gluconeogenesis phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase uses GTP to synthesize _ from _

Answer 14

phosphoenolpyruvate from oxaloacetate

Question 15

the majority of ATP used for cellular processes is generated by the oxidation of?

Answer 15

acetate in the TCA cycle

Question 16

the enzymes of the TCA cycle are located in the ?

Answer 16

mitochondria (and generate NADH and FADH2)

Question 17

gap junctions are comprised of what proteins

Answer 17

connexions

gap junctions connect neighboring cells)

Question 18

what is the purpose of gap junctions?

Answer 18

intracellular communication

Question 19

what proteins are in tight junctions

Answer 19

Claudius and occludins

Question 20

what is the function of tight junctions

Answer 20

paracellular barriers

Question 21

what proteins are in adherent junctions

Answer 21

cadherins

Question 22

what are the proteins of adherens

Answer 22

cadherins

Question 23

what are the proteins of desmosomes

Answer 23

cadherins

Question 24

what proteins are in hemidesmosomes

Answer 24

interns

Question 25

desmosomes connect

Answer 25

epithelial cells intracellularly

Question 26

hemidesomones connect

Answer 26

cells to the basement membrane

Question 27

what cell junction is important in labor

Answer 27

gap junctions with connexions which coordinate and synchronize myocetrial cells of the uterus

Question 28

in preparation for labor increasing _ levels stimulate upregulation of connexion _ and _ receptors

Answer 28

43

oxytocin receptors

Question 29

oxytocin receptors are coupled to what G protein

Answer 29

Gq (increase Ca+ and increase excitability)

Question 30

Acting out:

Answer 30

expressing unacceptable feelings through actions (immature dense mechanisms)

Question 31

denial

Answer 31

behaving as if an aspect of reality does not exist (immature)

Question 32

displacement

Answer 32

transferring feelings to less threatening person or object (immature)

Question 33

intellectualization

Answer 33

focusing on nonemotional aspects to avoid distressing feelings

(immature)

Question 34

passive agression

Answer 34

avoiding conflict by expressing hostility covertly (immature)

Question 35

projection

Answer 35

attributing ones own feelings to another (immature)

Question 36

rationalization

Answer 36

transforming unacceptable feelings/impulses into the opposite (immature)

Question 37

regression

Answer 37

reverting to earlier developmental stage (immature_

Question 38

splitting

Answer 38

experiencing a person/situation as wither all positive or all negative (immature)

Question 39

sublimation

Answer 39

channeling impulses into socially acceptable behaviors (mature)

Question 40

suppression

Answer 40

putting unwanted feelings aside to cope with reality (mature)