True Learn Review Flashcards
structure of a gram positive bacteria
thick peptidoglycan layer with no periplasmic space of outer membrane
gram positive bacteria associated molecules
teichoid acid and lipoteichoic acid
gram positive bacteria abilities
some can form endospore
gram _ bacteria is sensitive to lysozyme
gram positive
Lysozyme is an enzyme used to break down bacterial cell walls to improve protein or nucleic acid extraction efficiency
gram positive bacteria gram staining
purple/blue with gram staining due to thick peptidoglycan layer
gram negative bacteria structure
thin peptidoglycan layer
periplasmic space
outer membrane
exotoxin
gram negative bacteria associated molecules
lipopolysaccharide and porin channels
gram negative bacteria abilities
resistance to lysozyme
gram negative bacteria staining
stains red/pink due to thin peptidoglycan layer
what is an F plus
this structure is formed during bacterial conjugation from an F plasmid (which encodes the sex pilus)- f plasmic will transfer genetic material to the recipient bacterium in a unidirectional fashion
myopic acid
a waxy molecule that is unique to acid fast organisms
budd chiari syndrome
can be subacute (liver enzyme are not damage) or acute
thrombi/blood clot can occlude the hepatic vein and cause congestion - blood therefore cannot leave the liver and can stretch the capsule of the liver cause RUQ pain and enlargement
blood can also be forced into the abdomen causing ascites and positive fluid wave
central lobular congestion occurs and can cause eventual ischemia
acute thrombosis and near complete occlusion of the venous system in the liver: bud chiari can cause what triad
RUQ pain
hepatomegaly
ascites
primary biliary cholangitis
autoimmune reaction with against mitochondrial proteins in the bile duct’ leads to lymphocytes in the portal area and damage bile duct. Eventually the bile ducts will disappear and cause the patient to have itchiness, jaundice, dark urine, pale stools, and hepatomegaly
budd chiari is typically due to?
hypercoaguable state
what is conn syndrome
primary hyperaldosteronism typically caused by a aldosterone secreting tumor of the adrenal gland
symptoms of conn syndrome
resistant hypertension, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis
Primary hyperaldosteronism occurs as a result of unregulated and excessive aldosterone production in an adrenal adenoma. _ a hormone produced in the juxtaglomerular apparatus in response to hypotension, is suppressed. This leads to an increase in the aldosterone:renin ratio. In addition, the excessive aldosterone exchanges sodium for potassium and _, leading to alkalosis and hypokalemia.
renin
hydrogen (H+)
secondary aldosteronism
when there is decreased blood flow to the kidney for many reasons (hypovolemia, hemorrhage, heart failure etc). they secrete renin to increase perfusion and ultimately cause hyperaldosteronism
all adrenal adenomas should be evaluated for _ syndrome
cushings
overt time both lead to osteoporosis and diabetes
primary hyperaldosteronism causes an increased _ ratio
aldosterone to renin ratio
cushings syndrome causes:
hyperglycemia
increased salivary cortisol and urine levels with a positive dexamethme test
pheochromocytoma
tumor of the adrenal medulla that secretes epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine
it is associated with the 5 P’s
pressure (elevated), pain (headache), perspiration, palpitations, and pallor
what is the MCC of resistant hypertension
definition of resistant hypertension
conns syndrome
blood pressure not at goal desire 3 blood pressure medications one of which that is a diuretic
