True Learn Review

Question 1

structure of a gram positive bacteria

Answer 1

thick peptidoglycan layer with no periplasmic space of outer membrane

Question 2

gram positive bacteria associated molecules

Answer 2

teichoid acid and lipoteichoic acid

Question 3

gram positive bacteria abilities

Answer 3

some can form endospore

Question 4

gram _ bacteria is sensitive to lysozyme

Answer 4

gram positive

Lysozyme is an enzyme used to break down bacterial cell walls to improve protein or nucleic acid extraction efficiency

Question 5

gram positive bacteria gram staining

Answer 5

purple/blue with gram staining due to thick peptidoglycan layer

Question 6

gram negative bacteria structure

Answer 6

thin peptidoglycan layer

periplasmic space

outer membrane

exotoxin

Question 7

gram negative bacteria associated molecules

Answer 7

lipopolysaccharide and porin channels

Question 8

gram negative bacteria abilities

Answer 8

resistance to lysozyme

Question 9

gram negative bacteria staining

Answer 9

stains red/pink due to thin peptidoglycan layer

Question 10

what is an F plus

Answer 10

this structure is formed during bacterial conjugation from an F plasmid (which encodes the sex pilus)- f plasmic will transfer genetic material to the recipient bacterium in a unidirectional fashion

Question 11

myopic acid

Answer 11

a waxy molecule that is unique to acid fast organisms

Question 12

budd chiari syndrome

Answer 12

can be subacute (liver enzyme are not damage) or acute

thrombi/blood clot can occlude the hepatic vein and cause congestion - blood therefore cannot leave the liver and can stretch the capsule of the liver cause RUQ pain and enlargement

blood can also be forced into the abdomen causing ascites and positive fluid wave

central lobular congestion occurs and can cause eventual ischemia

Question 13

acute thrombosis and near complete occlusion of the venous system in the liver: bud chiari can cause what triad

Answer 13

RUQ pain
hepatomegaly
ascites

Question 14

primary biliary cholangitis

Answer 14

autoimmune reaction with against mitochondrial proteins in the bile duct’ leads to lymphocytes in the portal area and damage bile duct. Eventually the bile ducts will disappear and cause the patient to have itchiness, jaundice, dark urine, pale stools, and hepatomegaly

Question 15

budd chiari is typically due to?

Answer 15

hypercoaguable state

Question 16

what is conn syndrome

Answer 16

primary hyperaldosteronism typically caused by a aldosterone secreting tumor of the adrenal gland

Question 17

symptoms of conn syndrome

Answer 17

resistant hypertension, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis

Question 18

Primary hyperaldosteronism occurs as a result of unregulated and excessive aldosterone production in an adrenal adenoma. _ a hormone produced in the juxtaglomerular apparatus in response to hypotension, is suppressed. This leads to an increase in the aldosterone:renin ratio. In addition, the excessive aldosterone exchanges sodium for potassium and _, leading to alkalosis and hypokalemia.

Answer 18

renin

hydrogen (H+)

Question 19

secondary aldosteronism

Answer 19

when there is decreased blood flow to the kidney for many reasons (hypovolemia, hemorrhage, heart failure etc). they secrete renin to increase perfusion and ultimately cause hyperaldosteronism

Question 20

all adrenal adenomas should be evaluated for _ syndrome

Answer 20

cushings

overt time both lead to osteoporosis and diabetes

Question 21

primary hyperaldosteronism causes an increased _ ratio

Answer 21

aldosterone to renin ratio

Question 22

cushings syndrome causes:

Answer 22

hyperglycemia

increased salivary cortisol and urine levels with a positive dexamethme test

Question 23

pheochromocytoma

Answer 23

tumor of the adrenal medulla that secretes epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine

it is associated with the 5 P’s

pressure (elevated), pain (headache), perspiration, palpitations, and pallor

Question 24

what is the MCC of resistant hypertension

definition of resistant hypertension

Answer 24

conns syndrome

blood pressure not at goal desire 3 blood pressure medications one of which that is a diuretic

Question 25

counterstain point for the piriformis

Answer 25

midline between ILA and greater trochanter

Question 26

hanta virus

Answer 26

a virus found in the southwest that is contracted by cleaning after rodents; can quickly progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome with possible hemorrhage, renal failure and heart failure due to accumulation of fluid I the lungs that presses on the heart

Question 27

what drug would you use to avoid tumor lysis syndrome causing uric acid level increase (during chemotherapy)

Answer 27

allopurinol

Question 28

what is the MOA of allopurinol

Answer 28

it inhibits the conversion of purines to uric acid which is done by the enzyme xanthine oxidase

Question 29

allopurinol has action in the _ phase of the cell cycle

Answer 29

S

Question 30

xanthine oxidase is involved in the metabolism of?

Answer 30

6-mercaptopurines (they would rise in serum if allopurinol was administered)

-lower by 75% if used together

Question 31

what is 6-mercaptopurine?

Answer 31

this is a purine analog

Question 32

methotrexate

Answer 32

blocks dihydrofolate reductase

-stops tetrahydrofolate from being formed

associated with risk of bone marrow suppression

Question 33

methotrexate should be given with what to decrease the risk of bone marrow suppression

Answer 33

leucovorin (colonic acid)

Question 34

haloperidol and its side effects

Answer 34

typical antipsychotic and it is used in schizophrenia

SE: hyperprolactinemia

Question 35

T4 corresponds to the level of the _

Answer 35

nipple

Question 36

lithium side effects

Answer 36

thirst, polyuria, hypothyroidism, weight gain

Question 37

nortiptyline

Answer 37

tricyclic anti depressant with anti cholinergic effects: dry mouth, blurry vision

Question 38

phenelzine

Answer 38

a monoamine oxidase inhibitor

can cause weight gain