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Question 1

Why is utilitarianism a teleological theory?

Answer 1

Ut is a teleological ethical theory, meaning that it is a consequentialist theory causing the outcome of the outcome of the action to determine whether the action was right or wrong no matter how good or bad the intention. The actions have instrumental value as they aid pleasure which holds intrinsic value, value within itself

Question 2

What is the principle of utility?

Answer 2

Ut relies on the principle of utility which is the measure of usefulness that the actions have. Principle of utility can be different for different theories. In utilitarianism the principle of utility is used to judge the morality of an action (used as “standard for judging public action”) by determining the amount of pleasure received from action. The principle of utility is the greatest good for the greatest number and therefore a morally gold action provides he most people with the most amount of pleasure.

Question 3

What does utilitarianism state about pleasure and happiness?

Answer 3

Mould Edmunds a very subjective has the morality of an action is based on the amount of pressure caused.
Happiness example but we are open to abuse at the expense of justice. For example someone might be happy going out to restaurant for dinner have that they do not think about those people who are starving.

Question 4

What do you theology and stated about the two sovereign masters?

Answer 4

Theologians state that “nature has placed mankind under governance of two sovereign masters, pleasure and pain” where people naturally pursue pleasure and avoid pain.

Question 5

Who developed act utilitarianism?

Answer 5

Jeremy Bentham

Question 6

Who is Bentham and what was happening in the society to make him develop ut?

Answer 6

Jeremy Bentham, a social reformer, sought to change the way of society. During the industrial revolution, society faced radical changes, during this period the majority of society were exploited by the wealthy minority. During this time many people migrated from the country to pursue a better life in the city, leading to overcrowding and poverty, with people living and working in in humane conditions, under the dictatorship of the rich factory owners, Oliver Goldsmith earlier observing that “the law grinds the poor and the rich men rule the law”. Bentham being ta social reformer wanted to change this system to iron out the inequalities of the minority. With his cause was to do the greatest good for the greatest number, this being poor. Bentham established universal ethical theory to benefit the majority as the “good of the people is the chief law”

Question 7

What is act utilitarianism?

Answer 7

B developed utilitarianism, later to be named Act utilitarianism by JA Mill, rejecting his authority that the minority had explicitly shown by the church authority over thousands of religious followers, claiming that in the more dilemma people should use action to bring about the greatest amount of pleasure to the greatest number. No action is judged solely on its consequence but just on its usefulness, Benson proposed the hedonic calculus to measure the amount of pleasure achieved from an action, using the hedonic calculus making utilitarianism quantitative theory meaning that theoretically possible to calculate the morality of an action.

Question 8

Use an example to describe hedonic calculus

Answer 8

The idea of a mother stealing food for her starving child in order to save the Childs life shows a high amount of purity to pleasure and no pain due to the fact that the child’s hunger is removed. The extent to this pleasure is very small as only for two people the duration is short as the hunger can be relieved for a short amount of time, however the certainty of the pleasure is a known before another fees charges that I may be allergic to the food and therefore become ill and therefore her actions are not justified

Question 9

What does that to utilitarianism enforce about equality?

Answer 9

Act utilitarianism reinforces that equality can lead to the maximum pressure on to Cytie, or situations are different and therefore the outcomes are different. Many situations may require absolute rules to be a polish and out of the equity morally good for example a mother may have to steal food for her child noted to allow it to survive so the action scene is good because the mist want to pleasure was received “Seek your own happiness and others “the action does not matter because the outcome is important so therefore rules can be abolished

Question 10

Who developed rule utilitarianism?

Answer 10

JS Mill he was the godson of Bentham

Question 11

Why was rule utilitarianism developed?

Answer 11

Rule utilitarianism a deontological argument, what the moral worth of an action is contained in the obedience to the rule and not the consequences.
Rule utilitarianism was developed as mail criticise Bentham stating that quotation he never knew poverty… And he lived childhood to 85 in boyish health” giving him a non-real basis to assess what humans need as he had A comfortable and fulfilled life. Mill believed that the Bentham’s views of the film and of pleasure was too animalistic, “are pigs philosophy fit for a swine” undermining the complexity of human desires in Somerton life. And forcing that people should be “competently acquainted” with different types of pleasures, believing that people should cultivate higher pleasures to feel life.

Question 12

Why is rule utilitarianism qualitative?

Answer 12

Mills utilitarianism is based on a quantitative aspects focusing on the type of pleasure rather than the amount of pleasure, as surely “it is better to be a man dissatisfied and a pig satisfied”
The quality of happiness is divided into higher and lower pleasures, poetry and art satisfying the mind a higher pleasures and lower pleasures include food drink and sex that please the body. Mill states for happiness is the only desirable thing holding intrinsic value, as by doing the greatest good for the greatest number means your happiness is increased as everyone else is happy around you.

Question 13

Why does mill state that there is no need for the hedonic calculus?

Answer 13

As rule utilitarianism is qualitative, mill suggests that through trial and error, humans have been able to determine the moral worth of their actions, enabling them to lead to the most amount of happiness by creating the greatest good for the greatest number. Therefore the use of the hedonic calculus is not needed and therefore removed

Question 14

What does rule utilitarianism suggest about our actions?

Answer 14

Essentially rule utilitarianism suggests that our actions should be guided by the rules, that if followed. Lead to the greatest amount of happiness, experience shows that some rules if kept lead to happiness for example do not kill or do you not lie, as psychological pain is worse than physical pain. For example if the world was full of liars people would constantly be paranoid and therefore not happy.
Mail stating that if these rules were universally followed then they will provide the greatest good for the greatest number as everybody would be happy

Question 15

What is the principle of utility in the rule utilitarianism?

Answer 15

In role utilitarianism the principle of utility is the inherent rules set for people to follow; the rules may not be absolutely true, but useful for evaluating actions The rules having instrumental value

Question 16

Who developed negative utilitarianism?

Answer 16

Popper

Question 17

What is negative utilitarianism?

Answer 17

Negative utilitarianism seeks to promote the least amount of pain, to prevent the greatest come to the greatest number rather than trying to bring about the most pleasure. Some say it is most important concept of utilitarianism as the greatest harms have worse consequence than the greatest good, and to prevent harm is a greater moral obligation than promoting pleasure or happiness.

Question 18

What did Poppy believe about promoting pleasure?

Answer 18

Poppa believed that promoting pleasure is “fundamentally wrong”, and suggests that it is a more practical approach than r or a u as able to help reduce suffering in the world for example we are able to help reduce the pain of starving nations by giving them food and water, which is more beneficial than increasing their happiness by sending them presents.

Question 19

What did popper say about rule and act utilitarianism ?

Answer 19

Popper reinforced that Au and RU can cause a “benevolent dictatorship” and should hence be replaced with “a more realistic principle”

Question 20

Who developed preference utilitarianism?

Answer 20

Singer and hare

Question 21

What is preference utilitarianism ?

Answer 21

Diferently to AR U, singer and hare stated that preference has intrinsic value rather than pleasure or happiness, meaning that the “standard for judging a moral action” is based on the individual’s preference. PU was developed as pleasure was difficult to quantify whereas people can express their pleasures. These preferences may not cause the most happiness or pleasures hedonic, but the outcome is better. Ie a runner may exercise preference to run in harder conditions in order to achieve a personal best by acting upon preference or ideals that are important to them

Question 22

What did singer say about the minority?

Answer 22

Singer emphasised the importance of the minority, all individuals should taken into about and the action is right is the individual’s preference has been net; this requires people to “stand in someone else’s shoes” in order to see their preference and so that your own preferences don’t clash as Hare states that “equal preferences count equally, whatever their content”.

Question 23

What did they say about the impartial spectator?

Answer 23

In order to get the “best possible consequence” people should take the viewpoint of an impartial spectator, taking everyone’s best interest’s equally into account therefore singer would state that killing someone who wants to live is wrong i’m not killing someone who do you prefer to die os also wrong. Preferences should be weighed equally before acting

Question 24

Weakness points for utilitarianism in the right order of the essay

Answer 24

Act utilitarianism explain
It allows bad things to happen and don't know what do universally right
Hard to determine the consequences
HEDONIC CALCULUS
How to apply
Time-consuming
RULE UTILITARIANISM 
Bentham's criticism
Too elitist
PREFERENCE UTILITARIANISM 
Interpersonal

Question 25

Full evaluation for utilitarianism

Answer 25

Act utilitarianism
Criticism of act utilitarianism is the fact that “so long as he promised the best consequences… It would forbid absolutely nothing: not rape, not torture, not even murder “. Bentham believed even malicious per pleasures are intrinsically good as they stop my pleasure for example is the sadistic murderer murderer who find pleasure in killing people and someone to Benson must be seen as intrinsically good and therefore write this is a weakness to act utilitarianism is it as bad things to happen as there is no limit on pleasure and how it is obtained as the actions are not relevant but the consequences. This making utilitarianism and ineffective ethic to provide greater moral standards as this allows atrocities to occur.
Another criticism of you to Terry as it is the fact that it’s hard to determine the consequences of an action, even by using balls to guide actions, the outcomes of action to come and predictable and lead to very different results to what expected. For example you may give a hungry person food to increase the happiness, whether they may be allergic and die from this. The prediction of the action may have been to relieve hunger but the real outcome is worse in maximising pain rather than minimising it. This is problematic for utilitarianism as a way to judge tomorrow worth of an action as it is impossible to judge and action on the outcome as at as they are unpredictable and therefore an action be chosen based on the predicted outcome to promote the greatest good for the greatest number. Lessening the support for utilitarianism as an ethical theory to enhance lives.
HEDONIC CALCULUS
A criticism of the hedonic calculus is that it is very hard to apply in every situation, before pursuing an action, to tell me whether one should achieve the greatest amount of pleasure for the greatest amount of people, it was very unrealistic and impractical as many situations require quick to reflect responses; have a biplane you don’t catalyst to actions it’s time-consuming and can potentially do more harm than good for example if threatened by a man walking in with a gun and he question and content with the most amount Will be achieved by doing a certain action may end up injured or killed. This showing the impracticality of the hedonic calculus quickly we can utilitarianism as article theory should be practical to use in everyday situations as this is not the case this proves Benthams act utilitarianism to be a weak theory to use.
MILL RULE UTILITARIANISM
The criticism of Mills rule utilitarianism that Bentham outlined is the fact that “all things being equal, a pushpin equal to poetry” stating that higher pleasures for examples pleasing the mind could be as simple as a child’s game of pushpin, B reinforcing that doesn’t make a difference what a pleasure it is, it is still pleasure, which from the quote shows it is very subjective. People may find a game more pleasing and poetry meaning that the pleasures should be the same and measures quantifiably and not qualitatively. This is problematic for rule utilitarianism as mill over complicates the theory off pleasures as pleasures of pleasures and due to their subjectivity they will be different for different people. And therefore cannot be applied universally.
Another criticism of Mills utilitarianism is that it is too elitist, and many of the high pressures are suitable upper-class rather than the lower class. He reinforce that higher pleasures such as theatre and poetry are a lot more pleasurable than never pleasures such as food and drink however many people during this time it was developed could not afford the such high pleasures and therefore this three cannot be based universally. Also if they this theory applied now many countries who are less developed than than Western countries may not have these pressures available to them and therefore this theory was suggest that these people are animalistic and not as well educated but this is not their choice. Reinforcing that mill ru not a successful ethic