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P&E > The DA > Flashcards

The DA Flashcards

1
Q

Greek for telos meaning!

A

Purpose regarding purpose in the world

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2
Q

Meow is the existence of God deduced?

A

Empirical evidence of order in the universe drawn form premise of observation

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3
Q

Why is the design argument a posteriori?

A

Empirical evidence of telos in universe

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4
Q

What does Cicero acknowledge when looking at the universe!

A

When you look around, the order of the universe shows “there is some divinity or intellignece”

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5
Q

What is cicero’s quite about the universe!

A

“There is some divinity or intelligence”

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6
Q

What why does the order and purpose of the universe point to God?

A

Because the deliberate order in the universe “are things too big for science to understand” therefore this must be God’s work

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7
Q

What six things do theologians state the universe shows that shows it has been designed!

A

Complexity, order, beauty, providence,

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8
Q

What does beauty, providence complexity in the universe show?

A

It shows “appearance of design” that could not be coincidental

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9
Q

What did Fred Hoyle say about the universe being created by chance?

A

The probability that the world being created with perfect conditions to necessitate human life coming about by chance is akin to a hurricane sweeping through a scrap heap and assembling a Boeing 747

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10
Q

What does Fred Hoyles analogy say about the creation of the universe?

A

Rot bar is was too remote that there world was created by chance, it had to have been designed

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11
Q

Who deduced the analogical argument?

A

William Paley

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12
Q

When was paley born?

A

1743-1805

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13
Q

What WA paley’s book?

A

Natural theology

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14
Q

What did paley argue from in order to make his argument?

A

He argued for and from deign

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15
Q

What does paley argue from?

A

Qua regularity

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16
Q

Why does paley only make an analogy?

A

Because God is too complex and superior for humanity to understand

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17
Q

What did paley compare?

A

Human design to the universe created by God

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18
Q

What did paley say about thr watch compared to the universe?

A

On coming across a watch on a Heath paley observed that the watch’s mechanics noting that “its several parts were framed together for a purpose”. And “all its intricacies work together towards an end” this being accomplished as the watch had a watch maker to create the watch to fufil it’s purpose, he compared the watch to the universe observing that like the watch the universes ‘intricacies’ were perfectly adapted and worked together to fulfil the function of necessitating human like, deducing that like the watch the universe must also have had a maker as “every manifestation of design which existed in the watch, exists in the works of nature”

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19
Q

What did paley observe about the universe?

A

He observed that the solar system showed perfect evidence of a designer being perfectly ordered, evidencing these from gravity keeping the planets suspended and the laws of motion, planets orbiting other planets at th same speed and time.
This showing qua regularity this evidencing a divine hand at work

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20
Q

What are the quotes from paley in his analogy of the universe and the watch

A

“It’s several parts framed and put together for a purpose”
“All its indices work tougher towards an end”
“Every manifestation of design that existed in the watch exist in the works of nature”

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21
Q

From the analogy of the watch, what to paley reinforced a world designed by God?

A

The ways the indispensable parts of the universe work methodically and constantly to aid human life this parts working together in unison can only be explained by a designer like the watch maker, this universe maker being God

22
Q

What was the name of the 20th philosopher who evidenced a designer through the perfectly made world?

A

Arthur Brown

23
Q

What did the 20th century philosopher state about the existence of designe in the world proving the existence of God!

A

The existence of the ozone layer with its job to absorb harmful radiation from the sun this feature enabling human survival, this being “mighty proof of creators forethought” giving “every evidence of a plan” and therefore a designer being God.

24
Q

Who justified Paleys analogy? And what did they say?

A

Swinburne who said that the ”analogy of animals to complex machines seems to me correct, and its conclusion justified”

25
Q

When was st Thomas aquinas born?

A

1225-1274

26
Q

What was aquinas’ Arguemt for God called?

A

Aquinas 5h way

27
Q

What were the 1-5 5 ways to God?

A

1-3 cosmological
4 moral
5 teleological

28
Q

What was aquinas’ book called?

A

Summa theologica

29
Q

What was aquinas’ argument based from?

A

Qua regularity

30
Q

What is the design argument also known as?

A

The teleological argument

31
Q

How did aquinas evidence the existence of God?

A

Through empirical evidence of qua regularity and beneficial order

32
Q

What did aquinas state about natural laws?

A

Through natural laws everything is made for a purpose of necessitating human life, however if something unnatural occurs then the design was bad

33
Q

What did aquinas observe in order to deduce the existence of God?

A

He observed that non rational being acts towards an end “acting in the same way, so as to obtain the best result” due this this continuity there must be a purpose to these actions, and shown that they do not occur by chance. Therefore something must be directing them to act this way as they are not done “fortuitously, but designedly do they achieve their end, and this being must be God.

34
Q

What example did aquinas give of non rational beings act g towards an end? Animal

A

Aquinas used the migration path of the grey whale to reiterate his premises, he observed that each year, the grey whale travels 1200km for 3 months from the artic feeding grounds to the Mexican breeding grounds in order increase breeding success this repetitive behaviour from inanimate beings to aquinas showed the existence of a god directing the beings tiwards and end

35
Q

Explain aquinas referring to the arrow

A

The analogy of the arrow describes God’s input in the direction of natural laws in the creation of thr world. He compared God to an archer and the natural laws and inanimate beings to be the arrow aquinas describes the arrow being “shot to its mark by the archer” “acting towards its end” showing the archer directing the arrow to its shot and the “and this being endowed with knowledge and intelligence and this being we call God”

36
Q

Who developed the aesthetic principle?

A

Tenant

37
Q

What year was tennant born?

A

1866-1957

38
Q

What was tenants book?

A

Philosophical theology

39
Q

What did tennant observe in the universe s proof of God?

A

He observed that the universe was more then just ordered, it possessed beauty beyond which is necessary for human life, he believed that natures is “saturated with beauty” to extra beauty in the universe which is not neede for survival shows the work of a personal God .

40
Q

What does the aesthetic argument solve that Darwin didn’t?

A

Tennant noted that Darwins theory did not explain humanity’s appreciation of beauty, as this quality does not aid survival it couldn’t have been developed through natural selection, but handcrafted by an intelligent divine designer

41
Q

Who originally developed the anthropic principle?

A

Tennant

42
Q

Who further developed the anthropic principle?

A

Swinburne

43
Q

When was Swinburne born?

A

1934-present

44
Q

What was tenant’s evidence for the existence of God in the anthropic argument

A

Extended that the universe was formed perfectly to accommodate human life, “as if the universe knew we were coming” for example the right proportion of gases in the air to allow us to breathe

45
Q

What is cosmic fine tuning, related to the anthropic principle

A

The idea that the universe is so accurately fine tuned it was have been designed, the way the universe appeared so perfectly fine tuned was due to a designer and nit evolution, however tenant claims that God directed evolution .
Hawkins also agreeing that eh universe “seems to have been finely adjusted ti make life possible” supporting the idea that this God be an explaination for a God.

46
Q

What does Swinburne believe about the existence of God through the universe?

A

He believes that science and God word hand in hand in order to create the best outcomes for humanity, complimenting each other stating that that “I do not deny science explains but postulates God to explain why science explains” Swinburne used the fine tuned argument and the complexity of the world and its order did not occur by chance but due to an external designing force.
He argues science use natural laws to explain occurrences but not explain but not explain laws themselves but as “brute fact”

47
Q

What dies Swinburne argue from?

A

Swinburne argues from evidence of regularity of succession, and these perfect conditions for life explains the existence of God, being a “total explanation” for design

48
Q

What does Swinburne state about the chance of the universe occurring

A

He state that the probability of having all the correct conditions fornhuman life is so minute that it had to have been designed by an omniscient being to cater for human life

49
Q

Weaknesses of the design argument

A

(Explain analogical argument)
X. Hume: anthropomorphism
weak analogy
X. Dawkins

Explain 5th way

X. Darwin natural selection
(Aesthetic principle)

(Explain anthropic principle)
X. Ayer can’t compare to another universe

X. Epicurean hypothesis

50
Q

In full write the evaluation for the design argument

A

THE ANALOGICAL ARGUMENT
Richard Dawkins a well known atheist, criticised Paley’s analogical argument to explain the distance of a God, stating that it is “gloriously and utterly wrong”. Stemming his theory from Darwins theory of natural selection, demonstrating that the existence of natural selection cannot be the way if an intelligent designer ordering the purpose and final outcome of his creation. Predominantly Dawkins argues that “a true watch maker has foresight” of the functioning of a watch with its “purpose in minds eye”; the theory of natural selection however being a “blind, unconscious and automatic process” which has “no purpose in mind”, this shown through mutations, many being harmful and ineffective in promoting survival. This therefore demonstrating that natural selection cannot have been designed by God, as humans and animals would already be fully evolved to ensure survival however proven by the evolution of man shows that we did start off as simple life forms and not created perfectly. This therefore weakening the analogical argument as an explanation for God as it reinforces that if there was an omniscient creator, the universe and all of its creatures would be perfectly adapted to survive however this not being the case, I’ve mammoths and dodos. This evidence to Dawkins of there being no God.

Hume, an 18th century skeptic also criticised the analogical argument as an explanation for God, arguing through his dialogue between Cleanthes and Plato, Plato representing his ideals. In his Dialogues Concerning Natural Relgion, he writes that drawing an analogy between the universe and the creations of man leads to anthropomorphism, where human attributes are ascribed to God and hence undermining his supremacy. Suggesting that God is immoral and weak, these qualities not supporting the view of a God of classical theism designing and creating the universe suggesting that creation is “only the first made essay of some infinite deity”. This weakening the analogical argument greatly as an explanation for God.

Another criticism made by Hume undermining Paley’s analogical argument is the fact that “there are other parts of the universe (beside the machines if human invention) which bare still a greater resemblance to the fabric of the world” arguing that the analogy between the universe and the watch is unsound, as the universe is in a permanent state of decay, rather than a machine which is in a permanent state of unchangeable order, and therefore the world should more likely to be compared with s vegetable. This severely weakens Paleys analogy as it shows that due to an unsound initial analogy this leads to an unsound conclusion and therefore a weak argument to suggest the existence of God through the purpose of the universe.

AQUINAS’ 5th WAY

Another prominent and influential criticism, that undermines the existence of God by empirical evidence of a designed universe, comes from Darwins theory of evolution which states that humans and animals started off as simple life forms, and over millions of years and these being have developed and evolved into complex beings on the planet today, with scienctific evidence to support this. This is a great set back for the design argument as a whole, (inferring that all animals and humanity were put on earth fully developed, evidenced in Genesis in the creation of Adam and Eve) demonstrating the random spontaneity of enhancements to species showing that world and its features cannot have been created by a designer and if so they would be perfect and evolution would not exist.

EXPLAIN THE AESTHETIC PRINCIPLE
EXPLAIN THE ANTHROPIC PRINCIPLE
Ayer, a British philosopher, 1910-1989, criticised the anthropic principle, arguing that a designed universe in meaningless bea cause there is no way of comparing it to a universe without design, and are unable to observe what a universe without design looks like, this showing that suggesting that our universe in ordered and shows evidence of design is not justified thus weakening the anthropic principle as an explanation for God. Demonstrating that the conclusions made by tenant and Swinburne to be premature and not at all justifiable.

Finally the epicurean hypothesis states that order comes from chaos, this suggesting that the order in the world presently meant that originally the world was chaotic, but over millions of years developed into an orderly and purposeful universe. This

51
Q

The conclusion of the design argument

A

In conclusion the design argument is the “oldest, clearest and the most accordant with common reason of mankind and succeeds to explain the orderliness of the universe”, this being shown empirically makes this a universal explanation to God and therefore is used my many to suggest a God behind this order. Also through Aquinas’ 5th way, it gives a logical explanation as to why and how inanimate object act methodically and constantly to achieve their end. However the design argument does fail to succeed evidence against it from the likes of Darwins theory of evolution and Hume’s alternative analogy. However like many explanations for the existence of God there are always setbacks as everybody will always have an opposing view, so therefore in its own right the design argument is a sound way to argue for the existence of God through the clear order and purpose in the universe.

52
Q

Why do Hindus and Buddhists believe you should be kind to everyone?

A

They believe that people are reborn after death, and believe that whatever happens in your current life, whether good or bad is due to the karmic fruits gained in your previous life, eg if born into poverty or baby born with a health defect, Hindus and Buddhists believe it is due to the sinful led previously. This view very FILL BLANK eg old England football manager said to reporter he believed children born with disabilities is a punishment
They believe they should be nice to everyone as the person may be a relative of friend in their new life also get bad fruits

P&E (5 decks)

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