Typical Development of Infants (0-12 months) Flashcards
The Development of Social Communication - Hearing
Hearing:
• an infant’s hearing is best in the same frequency range of the human voice
• auditory preferences:
“ search for human voice
“ stop crying to attend to mother’s voice
Social Communication
Head positions of newborn:
• Neonate turns head to human face
• Caregiver interprets head positions as communication signals
• Three head positions:
1. Central → interpreted as an approach or attending signal 2. Peripheral → interpreted as signal of infant aversion / flight
3. Loss of visual contact → interpreted as termination of
interaction
Infant-caregiver interactions: Secure attachment
- Attachment is one specific aspect of the relationship between a child and a parent with its purpose being to make a child safe, secure, and protected.”
- well-established association between parent-child attachment and child language development.
Social communication
Gaze - 2 types
Mutual eye gaze: 1 1⁄2 months (6 weeks)
Infant is able to fix visually on communication partner’s eyes and hold the fixation (used to signal intensified attention)
Gaze coupling: 3 months
“A turn-taking interaction of making and breaking eye contact”
Social communication - other
2 points
“Social” smile: 6- 8 weeks (some 3 weeks)
Responds to social games such as peek-a- boo (shows anticipation): 6 months
Social Communication
Emotions - 3 points
Emotions shown at birth
Interest - Brows raised, mouth rounded, lips pursed
Distress - Eyes closed tightly, mouth square and angular
Disgust - Nose wrinkled, upper lip elevated, tongue protruded
Social Communication
Protoconversations
3 months
• “Vocal interactions between parents [caregivers] and infants that resemble the verbal exchanges of more mature conversations.” (Owens, 2012, p439)
- Identifiable phases – turn taking (both adult and child active participants)
- Initiation and disengagement
Early Receptive Language Development
3 months
3 months - Turns head when hears voice (may not be in direction of sound)
Receptive Language Development
By 12 months:
• understands up to 10 words
• recognises name
• understands simple commands without gesture, e.g., ‘no’ or ‘get the ball’
• understands names of some familiar objects / people
• Identifies one body part
• Selects object in a two-way object discrimination task
Development of intentionality: 0 - 8m
- 0 – 8 months: perlocutionary
• Intention is inferred by adults
• e.g., looks to adult’s face; reaches for objects; smiles during interactions
Gesture Types
Deictic gestures:
establish reference by calling attention to or indicating an object / event
interpreted by their context
Gesture Types
Representational / Iconic / Symbolic gestures
approx 12 months:
‘symbolize a referent that does not change with context’
for example:
• flapping arm to represent a bird flying;
• child putting hands to mouth as though holding something to indicate wants a cookie;
• cupped hand to mouth to represent ‘drinking’
Early Intentions - Proto-imperatives
between 8 and 18 months of age
Proto-imperatives: used to get an adult to do something or not do something
(imperative > request / order / command
e.g., requests for objects / actions)
Early Intentions - 8-12m
8 – 12 months: (stage of intentionality = illocutionary)
• requesting (actions & objects) • labelling / commenting • protesting / refusing
Five (5) stages of prelinguistic communication:
- Phonation stage: birth – 2 months
- Primitive articulation stage: 2 – 4 months
- Expansion stage: 4 – 6 months
- Canonical stage: 6 – 10 months +
- Jargon stage: 10 months +
Stage 1: Phonation stage (reflexive crying and vegetative sounds)
birth to 2 months
• Reflexive vocalisations:
- e.g., cries, grunts, and burps that seem to be automatic responses reflecting the physical state of the infant
• Vegetative sounds:
- Grunts and sighs associated with activities
- Clicks and other noises associated with feeding
• Quasi vowels (produced with the vocal folds at rest) – produced frequently
Stage 2: Primitive articulation stage (cooing and laughter)
2 to 4 months
• cooing or gooing sounds
• vowel-like sounds with brief consonantal elements produced at the back of the mouth (velar)
• 12 weeks onwards crying decreases and vegetative sounds (e.g., grunts) begin to disappear
• 16 weeks – sustained laughter emerges
Stage 3: Expansion stage (vocal play)
4 to 6 months
• Some overlap between stages 2 and 3
• Distinguishing characteristic of stage 3 is:
- the longer series of segments
- production of prolonged vowel (full vowel-like sounds)
- consonant-like sounds (marginal babbling)
• Extreme variation in loudness and pitch
• Vowels have more variation in tongue height and position
• Vocal play: squeals, yells, bilabial trills
Stage 4: Canonical stage (canonical babbling)
6 months and older:
Canonical babbling occurs by 10 months of age in full- term normally developing infants
• Reduplicated babbling:
Similar strings of consonant-vowel productions “ba-ba”, “ma-ma”, “da-da”
- Non-reduplicated / variegated babbling:
Variation of both consonants and vowels from syllable to syllable “nee-ma”,
Stage 5: Jargon stage
10 months and older
• Jargon is characterized by strings of babbled utterances that are modulated primarily by intonation, rhythm and pausing
babbling and jargon continue as children acquire first meaningful words (stages overlap)
Expressive Language Development - 12 months
• use of gestures (showing, reaching, giving, pointing)
• complex babbling
• imitates animal noises
• first words typically appear around 1st birthday
- child uses the word consistently
- shows understanding of the meaning or concept
• produces 5 or more words (12 – 14 months)
• many of the first words spoken by children during the 1st year are nouns
• uses voice and gesture to get objects (12 – 14 months)
• produces true words during play
• mixes words with jargon
• approx. 25% intelligible to unfamiliar listeners
Some key messages: By the age of one
Social, Expressive & receptive
Social:
• joint attention
• communication intent
• communication with reciprocity (e.g., reciprocal smiling)
Expressive:
• use of gestures
• complex babbling
Receptive:
• recognises name
• understands simple commands such as ‘no’
• understands names of some familiar objects / people
Typical Hearing Expectations - 0-7 months
0, 1, 4, 7
Shortly after birth:
• Baby should startle by a sudden loud noise
• Blink or open eyes to such sounds
By 1 month:
• Beginning to notice sudden or prolonged sounds
• Pause and listen to such sounds when they begin
By 4 months:
• Quietens or smiles at the sound of your voice
• Turns head/eyes towards you when come up from behind/side
By 7 months:
• Turn immediately to your voice from across the room [if not too occupied with other things]
Typical Hearing Expectations - 9-12 months
By 9 months:
• Listen attentively to familiar everyday sounds
• Search for quiet sounds made out of sight
• Shows pleasure in babbling loudly
By 12 months:
• Shows response to his/her name and to other familiar words
• May also respond to ‘no’ and ‘bye-bye’ when cannot see accompanying gesture
Typical Feeding Development - 0-6 months
0-4, 4-6
0-4 months
- Breastmilk or formula only - Suckle - Head control acquired
4-6 months
- Predominantly breastmilk or formula
- Beginner purees may be introduced at this time
- Suckle matures into suck pattern
- Tongue protrusion reflex diminishes as child improves oral control for purees
- Begin to develop balance for sitting
- Can bring hands to midline
Typical Feeding Development - 6-9 months
11 points
- Predominantly breastmilk or formula
- Having regular meals of smooth purees
- Introduction of soft finger foods
- Introduction of lumpy purees
- May be introduced to cup drinking although will use sucking/suckling to drink from cup
- Tongue protrusion no longer observed
- Uses up-down biting (phasic bite) and “chewing” pattern. Some integration of tongue lateralisation occurring. May gag at times with lumps and soft solids
- Develop independent sitting
- Hand to mouth play is observed +++
- Child begins to assist with food and explore finger feeding
- Pincer grasp begins to develop
Typical Feeding Development - 9-12 months
7 points
- Still having some breastmilk or formula
- Managing lumpy purees and a range of soft chewable finger foods
- Able to cup drink independently
- Still predominantly up-down jaw movements but beginning to improve precision and speed.
- Able to lateralise foods or chewing most of the time
- Able to finger feed and pincer grip becomes more refined
- Begins to grasp spoon with whole hand
NHMRC Infant feeding guidelines
6 points
- Initially starts solids once per day after milk feed
- Once taking a few tablespoons consistently per day, increase to 2 meals per day
- Ideally taking 3 solid meals by 8-9 months
- Introduce morning and afternoon snacks around 10 months
- Offer foods before fluids around 10 months
- Transition onto cows milk as a drink after 12 months provided eating a range of food groups (max intake of 600 ml/day)
Play
0-6m - 3 points
6-12m - 2 points
Birth - 6 months
• Exploratory play-investigation of properties of toy, object, self, other.
• Sensorimotor play
• Play focused on attachment and bonding with parents (shacking a rattle,hitting a toy with lights)
6-12 months
• Sensorimotor play begins to evolve into functional play (using toys for their purpose, e.g. hitting something with a hammer, pushing a car on the ground)
• Social play with adults
The Development of Social Communication - Vision
Vision: Importance of eye contact (sign of interest and attention)
• vision best focuses at about approx. 20 cm (8 inches)
• this is where most infant caregiver interactions occur
• during feeding a mother’s eyes are at a distance of approx. 19 cm (7.5 inches)
→ child focuses on the mother’s face, especially the mother’s eyes
Early Receptive Language Development
4-6 months
4-6 months - Responds to own name by turning head
Early Receptive Language Development
5 months
5 months - Responds to ‘no’ said with inflection
Early Receptive Language Development
11 months
11 months - Responds to music with body movements
Development of Intentionality: 8 - 11m
- 8 – 11 months: illocutionary
• Emergence of intentional communication (still primarily non-verbal)
→ deictic gestures: showing, reaching, giving, pointing
Development of Intentionality: 12m+
- Approx. 12 months +: locutionary
• Words accompany / replace gestures
Deictic gestures: 8m
8 months +:
→ showing:
→ giving:
→ reaching: sometimes opening and closing fingers
Deictic gestures: 12m
12m:
→ pointing
Early Intentions - Proto-declaratives:
between 8 and 18 months of age
Proto-declaratives: “preverbal attempts to get an adult to focus on an object or event by acts such as showing off or showing or pointing out objects, pictures… for the purpose of establishing social interaction or joint attention”
(declaratives > statement / assertion)
Early Intentions - 12m
By 12 months:
• joint attention
- “An ability to follow the direction of a communication partner’s gaze, or pointing, or showing an object with the intention of drawing the communication partner’s attention to the object or event” (Kaderavek, 2011, p 432)
• communication intent (usually emerges around 8 months of age, primarily non-verbal)
• communication with reciprocity (e.g., reciprocal smiling)
