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SPCH1101 > Components of communication and swallowing and Anatomy of speech production mechanism > Flashcards

Components of communication and swallowing and Anatomy of speech production mechanism Flashcards

1
Q

communication

A

“…communication is an exchange of ideas between sender(s) and receiver(s). It involves message transmission and response or feedback.” (Owens et al., 2015, p38)

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2
Q

receptive language

A

comprehension or understanding

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3
Q

Syntax

A

Organisational rules specifying word order, sentence organisation

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4
Q

Pragmatics

A

Language use within a communication context (use)

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5
Q

bilabia

A

bottom lip to top lip, p,b,m,w

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6
Q

language

A

a system of symbols that represent concepts and allows people to communicate with one another

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7
Q

speech

A

Acoustic representation of language

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8
Q

expressive language

A

production / talking

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9
Q

Language Parameters

A

phonology, morphology, semantics, syntax, and pragmatics

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10
Q

Phonology

A

the description of the systems and patterns of phonemes that occur in a language

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11
Q

Morphology

A

structure of words and the effect it has on meaning

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12
Q

Semantics

A

Meaning of words and sentences (content)

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13
Q

literacy

A

the ability to read, write and spell

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14
Q

reading decoding

A

aim for Accuracy, Fluency and Comprehension

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15
Q

Writing encoding

A

aim for Spelling and Written discourse

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16
Q

phonological awareness

A

understanding that words are made of discrete units

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17
Q

Features of speech

A

articulation, fluency, voice

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18
Q

Articulation

A

the physical production of particular speech sounds

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19
Q

phoneme

A

smallest sound unit capable of changing word meanings

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20
Q

places of articulation

A

bilabial, labiodental, interdental, alveolar, post-alveolar, palatal/palato-alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal

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21
Q

Labio-dental

A

bottom lip to teeth, f,v

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22
Q

inter-dental

A

tongue between teeth, th,th

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23
Q

alveolar

A

tongue and alveolar ridge, t,d,s,z,l,n

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24
Q

post-alveolar

A

Tongue, back of alveolar ridge, r

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25
Q

Palatal/palato-alveolar

A

tongue, further back from alveolar ridge, sh,zh,ch,j/dg

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26
Q

Palatal

A

tongue, hard palate, y

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27
Q

Velar

A

tongue, soft palate, k,g,ng

28
Q

glottal

A

glottis (vocal cords), h

29
Q

Manner of articulation

A

Describes how a sound is made - how airstream is obstructed and the air is released from the vocal tract

30
Q

manners of articulation

A

stops or plosives, fricatives, affricates, nasals, liquids, glides (approximant)

31
Q

Stop or plosive

A

airflow briefly but completely stopped in oral cavity, p, b, t, d, k, g

32
Q

Fricative

A

partial blockage of airstream, f, v, s, z, sh, zh, th, th, h

33
Q

Affricate

A

blocked with slow release (stop + fricative), ch, dz

34
Q

Liquids

A

air escapes around the tongue, l, r

35
Q

Glide (approximant)

A

little or no obstruction of airstream, (movement only), y, w

36
Q

Nasal

A

mouth blocked, air through nose, m, n, ng

37
Q

Presence of voicing

A

Sound categorised as ‘voiced’ or ‘voiceless’

38
Q

Voiceless (no vibration of vocal folds/cords)

A

p, t, k, th, s, sh, ch, f (all have a voiced pair), h

39
Q

Voiced (vibration of vocal folds)

A

b, d, g, th, z, zh, dg, v (all have a voiceless pair), r,y,w,l,m,n,ng

40
Q

Vowels

A

Normally voiced, Produced with relatively open vocal tract

41
Q

Vowel sounds are produced according to the

A

Shape of the vocal tract and Position of the tongue

42
Q

Diphthongs

A

involve the combination (blending) of two different vowel sounds into one single speech sound through the movement from one vowel to another, cow, toy, eye

43
Q

Function of voice:

A

Audibility, Paralinguistic features (personality, emotions), Linguistic features (grammar), Influence social interaction, Exert control over the listener, Enables the listener to make inferences about the speaker.

44
Q

Voice parameters

A

Pitch, Loudness, Quality, Resonance

45
Q

pitch

A

the highness or lowness of a sound (perceptual counterpart to fundamental frequency associated with speed of vocal fold vibration)

46
Q

Loudness

A

perceptual counterpart to vocal intensity/ amplitude of the sound waive

47
Q

Quality

A

how clear the voice sounds

48
Q

Resonance

A

relates to the degree of oral or nasal quality in the voice

49
Q

fluency

A

produced with ease smooth, flowing, continuous, rhythmic, relatively rapid, free from excessive or prolonged interruptions, absence of stuttering

50
Q

The auditory pathway comprises

A

Outer ear, Middle ear, Inner ear, Auditory nervous system

51
Q

Play

A

All encompassing activity and the primary occupation of children. (Stagnitti & Unsworth, 2000, p. 121)

52
Q

6 Reasons children play:

A

= To learn about their physical, social and emotional abilities and skills
= Explore motivation and achievement
= Imaginary world for mastery over unmanageable aspects of reality
= Activation, exploration and wonder
= Build interpersonal relationships
= Develop interests, concentration and problem solving skill

53
Q

7 Types of Play

A
  • Exploratory (investigation of properties of toy, object, self, other)
  • Functional (sensorimotor or practice play appropriate to the situation, media)
  • Constructional (manipulation of objects to construct or create something)
  • Dramatic/pretend/symbolic (involves pretense, acting out a role)
  • Games with Rules (e.g., duck, duck goose, tag, soccer),
  • Rough and tumble play (e.g., wrestling)
  • Technology play (recognition of increasing role technology has in play repertoire of children)
54
Q

6 aspects of Physical structures required for speech

A

Speech, Voice, Hearing, Swallowing, Language and fluency (more reliant on neural structures but can be affected by a breakdown at the physical level)

55
Q

Primary anatomical systems for speech

A

Resonance, Articulation, Phonation, Respiration

56
Q

Respiration - 3 points

A

-Speech occurs on expiring air passing over vocal folds
- “energy source” for speech
- Breath support affects:
intensity, pitch, stress & phrasing

57
Q

Respiration to phonation

4 points

A

• Trachea = joins larynx to lungs,
• Larynx = noise source which functions:
- in swallowing to prevent food/ objects entering trachea and lungs
- in speech to vibrate and produce sound

58
Q

Phonation and the larynx

2 points

A
  • Vocal folds are suspended within the larynx where they abduct (open) in respiration and adduct (close) in phonation.
  • due to air pressure changes and the elasticity of the ligament structure.
59
Q

Respiration to Articulation

3 points

A
  1. Exhaled air leaves the lungs as air flows from high to low pressure areas.
  2. Vocal folds close due to elasticity > can’t escape > pressure builds > vocal folds are forced open
    - cycle repeats - constant action vibrates the air-stream > PHONATION.
  3. Vibrating air continues into the oral or nasal cavities where ARTICULATION occurs.
60
Q

articulators and associated structures

A

Lips, Tongue, Jaw (mandible and maxilla) & Nasal cavity, Hard and soft palates, Larynx, Teeth

61
Q

Tongue in articulation

3 points

A

Modifies the shape of the oral cavity
• Acts as a valve to inhibit or stop the air stream
• Acts as a noise generator

62
Q

Lips in articulation

2 points

A

Valve for speech - impede and release air flow

Noise generation - constrict/ vibrate air stream

63
Q

Hard palate

3 points

A

Front 2/3 of the roof of the mouth
• Primary functions are in chewing and swallowing
• Shapes the airstream for speech
• Provides contact points for tongue in speech
• Separates the oral and nasal cavities

64
Q

Soft palate (velum)

A

is not an articulator but is involved in controlling resonance

65
Q

The Resonators - hollow spaces

A
  1. Pharynx (throat)
  2. Oral cavity (mouth)
    • Tongue
    • Lips
    • Palate
  3. Nasal cavity
    Controlled by action of soft palate or velum (velopharyngeal closure)
66
Q

Functions of the resonators - speech

2 points

A 
• nasal resonance: 
soft palate lowers for nasal sounds 
(air leaves through nasal cavity) 
• oral resonance:
raised for all other sounds to prevent air escape via nasal cavity
67
Q

Functions of the resonators - swallowing

3 points

A
  • soft palate moves posteriorly
  • closes access to nasal cavity from the oral cavity
  • prevents re-gurgitation of food.

SPCH1101 (8 decks)

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