Components of communication and swallowing and Anatomy of speech production mechanism Flashcards
communication
“…communication is an exchange of ideas between sender(s) and receiver(s). It involves message transmission and response or feedback.” (Owens et al., 2015, p38)
receptive language
comprehension or understanding
Syntax
Organisational rules specifying word order, sentence organisation
Pragmatics
Language use within a communication context (use)
bilabia
bottom lip to top lip, p,b,m,w
language
a system of symbols that represent concepts and allows people to communicate with one another
speech
Acoustic representation of language
expressive language
production / talking
Language Parameters
phonology, morphology, semantics, syntax, and pragmatics
Phonology
the description of the systems and patterns of phonemes that occur in a language
Morphology
structure of words and the effect it has on meaning
Semantics
Meaning of words and sentences (content)
literacy
the ability to read, write and spell
reading decoding
aim for Accuracy, Fluency and Comprehension
Writing encoding
aim for Spelling and Written discourse
phonological awareness
understanding that words are made of discrete units
Features of speech
articulation, fluency, voice
Articulation
the physical production of particular speech sounds
phoneme
smallest sound unit capable of changing word meanings
places of articulation
bilabial, labiodental, interdental, alveolar, post-alveolar, palatal/palato-alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal
Labio-dental
bottom lip to teeth, f,v
inter-dental
tongue between teeth, th,th
alveolar
tongue and alveolar ridge, t,d,s,z,l,n
post-alveolar
Tongue, back of alveolar ridge, r
Palatal/palato-alveolar
tongue, further back from alveolar ridge, sh,zh,ch,j/dg
Palatal
tongue, hard palate, y
Velar
tongue, soft palate, k,g,ng
glottal
glottis (vocal cords), h
Manner of articulation
Describes how a sound is made - how airstream is obstructed and the air is released from the vocal tract
manners of articulation
stops or plosives, fricatives, affricates, nasals, liquids, glides (approximant)
Stop or plosive
airflow briefly but completely stopped in oral cavity, p, b, t, d, k, g
Fricative
partial blockage of airstream, f, v, s, z, sh, zh, th, th, h
Affricate
blocked with slow release (stop + fricative), ch, dz
Liquids
air escapes around the tongue, l, r
Glide (approximant)
little or no obstruction of airstream, (movement only), y, w
Nasal
mouth blocked, air through nose, m, n, ng
Presence of voicing
Sound categorised as ‘voiced’ or ‘voiceless’
Voiceless (no vibration of vocal folds/cords)
p, t, k, th, s, sh, ch, f (all have a voiced pair), h
Voiced (vibration of vocal folds)
b, d, g, th, z, zh, dg, v (all have a voiceless pair), r,y,w,l,m,n,ng
Vowels
Normally voiced, Produced with relatively open vocal tract
Vowel sounds are produced according to the
Shape of the vocal tract and Position of the tongue
Diphthongs
involve the combination (blending) of two different vowel sounds into one single speech sound through the movement from one vowel to another, cow, toy, eye
Function of voice:
Audibility, Paralinguistic features (personality, emotions), Linguistic features (grammar), Influence social interaction, Exert control over the listener, Enables the listener to make inferences about the speaker.
Voice parameters
Pitch, Loudness, Quality, Resonance
pitch
the highness or lowness of a sound (perceptual counterpart to fundamental frequency associated with speed of vocal fold vibration)
Loudness
perceptual counterpart to vocal intensity/ amplitude of the sound waive
Quality
how clear the voice sounds
Resonance
relates to the degree of oral or nasal quality in the voice
fluency
produced with ease smooth, flowing, continuous, rhythmic, relatively rapid, free from excessive or prolonged interruptions, absence of stuttering
The auditory pathway comprises
Outer ear, Middle ear, Inner ear, Auditory nervous system
Play
All encompassing activity and the primary occupation of children. (Stagnitti & Unsworth, 2000, p. 121)
6 Reasons children play:
= To learn about their physical, social and emotional abilities and skills
= Explore motivation and achievement
= Imaginary world for mastery over unmanageable aspects of reality
= Activation, exploration and wonder
= Build interpersonal relationships
= Develop interests, concentration and problem solving skill
7 Types of Play
- Exploratory (investigation of properties of toy, object, self, other)
- Functional (sensorimotor or practice play appropriate to the situation, media)
- Constructional (manipulation of objects to construct or create something)
- Dramatic/pretend/symbolic (involves pretense, acting out a role)
- Games with Rules (e.g., duck, duck goose, tag, soccer),
- Rough and tumble play (e.g., wrestling)
- Technology play (recognition of increasing role technology has in play repertoire of children)
6 aspects of Physical structures required for speech
Speech, Voice, Hearing, Swallowing, Language and fluency (more reliant on neural structures but can be affected by a breakdown at the physical level)
Primary anatomical systems for speech
Resonance, Articulation, Phonation, Respiration
Respiration - 3 points
-Speech occurs on expiring air passing over vocal folds
- “energy source” for speech
- Breath support affects:
intensity, pitch, stress & phrasing
Respiration to phonation
4 points
• Trachea = joins larynx to lungs,
• Larynx = noise source which functions:
- in swallowing to prevent food/ objects entering trachea and lungs
- in speech to vibrate and produce sound
Phonation and the larynx
2 points
- Vocal folds are suspended within the larynx where they abduct (open) in respiration and adduct (close) in phonation.
- due to air pressure changes and the elasticity of the ligament structure.
Respiration to Articulation
3 points
- Exhaled air leaves the lungs as air flows from high to low pressure areas.
- Vocal folds close due to elasticity > can’t escape > pressure builds > vocal folds are forced open
- cycle repeats - constant action vibrates the air-stream > PHONATION. - Vibrating air continues into the oral or nasal cavities where ARTICULATION occurs.
articulators and associated structures
Lips, Tongue, Jaw (mandible and maxilla) & Nasal cavity, Hard and soft palates, Larynx, Teeth
Tongue in articulation
3 points
Modifies the shape of the oral cavity
• Acts as a valve to inhibit or stop the air stream
• Acts as a noise generator
Lips in articulation
2 points
Valve for speech - impede and release air flow
Noise generation - constrict/ vibrate air stream
Hard palate
3 points
Front 2/3 of the roof of the mouth
• Primary functions are in chewing and swallowing
• Shapes the airstream for speech
• Provides contact points for tongue in speech
• Separates the oral and nasal cavities
Soft palate (velum)
is not an articulator but is involved in controlling resonance
The Resonators - hollow spaces
- Pharynx (throat)
- Oral cavity (mouth)
• Tongue
• Lips
• Palate - Nasal cavity
Controlled by action of soft palate or velum (velopharyngeal closure)
Functions of the resonators - speech
2 points
• nasal resonance: soft palate lowers for nasal sounds (air leaves through nasal cavity) • oral resonance: raised for all other sounds to prevent air escape via nasal cavity
Functions of the resonators - swallowing
3 points
- soft palate moves posteriorly
- closes access to nasal cavity from the oral cavity
- prevents re-gurgitation of food.
