Typical development infant /toddlers

Question 1

Which developmental position is best to normalize muscle tone?

Answer 1

side lying

Question 2

Which reflex is essential for newborn feeding?

Answer 2

rooting reflex

Question 3

If not integrated, which infant reflex will affect an infant’s ability to reach, grasp, roll, and use both hands together?

Answer 3

asymmetrical tonic neck reflex

Question 4

The Moro reflex is elicited by holding an infant in a supine position with head in midline and lowering the head at least 30 degrees in extension. What do we see when this reflex is elicited?

Answer 4

Arms extend, hands open, then arms flex and hands close. Often accompanied by the infant becoming fussy, crying.

Question 5

Lack of integration of this reflex interferes with reciprocal crawling and walking.

Answer 5

STNR - symmetrical tonic neck reflex
Holding infant in quadruped or over evaluator’s lap -
Neck flexion - arms flex, legs extend
Neck extension - arms extend, legs flex

Question 6

Typically developing infants are able to lift their head - neck extension against gravity - when in a prone position at about……

Answer 6

3-4 months of age

Question 7

Typically developing infants are able to roll in both directions - prone to supine and supine to prone by about …..

Answer 7

6 months of age

Question 8

Typically developing infants usually begin using a radial palmar grasp - stabilizing with palm, first two fingers holding an object against the thumb - at about…..

Answer 8

6 months of age

Question 9

Infants progress from using a radial palmar grasp to opposing the thumb to the pads of the index and middle fingers, referred to as a ….

Answer 9

radial digit grasp

Question 10

Most infants will sit alone, with arms forward, propping on hands, using a wide base of support at about…

Answer 10

6 months of age

Question 11

Most infants will sit erect and independently with hands free to reach, grasp, and play between …

Answer 11

8-9 months of age

Question 12

Infants may begin to use a mature pincer grasp - pads of thumb and index finger) at about …

Answer 12

12 months of age

Question 13

Important midline skills for infants include:

Answer 13

bringing hands to mouth, transferring toys hand to hand, using both hands to hold or explore an object

Question 14

An infant may begin to respond playfully to their mirror image between

Answer 14

6-12 months of age

Question 15

At about 8-9 months of age, infants begin to understand that an object exists even though it is hidden and cannot be seen. This is called

Answer 15

object permanence

Question 16

Infants develop several gross motor skills necessary for play, mobility, and exploration such as sitting independently, moving in and out of sitting, and crawling on hands and knees - between …..

Answer 16

6-9 months

Question 17

At what age do most infants independently finger feed small pieces of soft food and foods that melt quickly?

Answer 17

9 - 12 months

Question 18

When do infants begin to take an active role with self feeding - holding their bottle with both hands, holding and mouthing large crackers or teething cookies, grasping and playing with a spoon?

Answer 18

6 - 9 months

Question 19

Typically developing infants may try to scoop soft food and bring the spoon to mouth around ……, they usually master self-feeding with a spoon between ……

Answer 19

12 - 14 months

15 - 18 months

Question 20

Most children are able to drink from a cup (no lid) by ….

Answer 20

24 months

Question 21

Crawling on hands and knees is an important developmental phase to promote proximal stability (core, shoulder, hips), strength and stability of upper extremity joints, as well as ……

Answer 21

development of palmar arches and visual motor integration.

Question 22

Children expand their ability to navigate indoor and outdoor environments - running, climbing, and walking up and downstairs (bringing feet together on each step) between …….

Answer 22

18-24 months

Question 23

Important fine motor manipulation skills - holding a toy in each hand, using both hands to play (one to stabilize, one to manipulate), releasing items into different size containers, and stacking blocks - are achieved between ….

Answer 23

12 - 18 months

Question 24

Between 9 - 12 months, most infants are able to pull to a standing position, and navigate a space by holding onto furniture and stepping in a side to side pattern. This is called …..

Answer 24

Cruising

Question 25

An occupational therapist using an occupation-based approach to therapy for an 18-24-month-old with low muscle tone and limited core stability might coach parents to help their child participate in / practice: taking off socks and pants or spoon feeding?

Answer 25

Taking off socks and pants

Question 26

An occupational therapist working with a foster family with an 11 month old infant who is malnourished, with limited feeding skills, will coach parents on strategies to help the baby with:

Answer 26

holding a bottle, eating soft foods fed from a spoon, and self feeding nutritious, safe finger foods

Question 27

Providing opportunities for tummy time helps infants develop …..

Answer 27

extension against gravity (head, neck, trunk), shoulder stability (weight bearing on forearms), and weight shifting in a prone position (necessary for rolling and crawling)

Question 28

The sensory environment, in utero, for a typically developing, full term infant provides …

Answer 28

unrestricted connection to the mother, flexible and supportive boundaries providing containment, opportunities for active movement against resistance without the pull of gravity, limited exposure / protection from to external stimuli (light, sound, uncomfortable touch)

Question 29

What is the (invariable) progression of sensory system development in utero?

Answer 29

tactile, proprioceptive, vestibular, chemical, auditory, visual

Question 30

While all sensory systems are capable of registering sensation at 20 weeks gestation; at what gestational age (GA), is the CNS sufficiently developed to process sensory input or organize protective responses?

Answer 30

30 weeks GA