Typical development infant /toddlers Flashcards
Which developmental position is best to normalize muscle tone?
side lying
Which reflex is essential for newborn feeding?
rooting reflex
If not integrated, which infant reflex will affect an infant’s ability to reach, grasp, roll, and use both hands together?
asymmetrical tonic neck reflex
The Moro reflex is elicited by holding an infant in a supine position with head in midline and lowering the head at least 30 degrees in extension. What do we see when this reflex is elicited?
Arms extend, hands open, then arms flex and hands close. Often accompanied by the infant becoming fussy, crying.
Lack of integration of this reflex interferes with reciprocal crawling and walking.
STNR - symmetrical tonic neck reflex
Holding infant in quadruped or over evaluator’s lap -
Neck flexion - arms flex, legs extend
Neck extension - arms extend, legs flex
Typically developing infants are able to lift their head - neck extension against gravity - when in a prone position at about……
3-4 months of age
Typically developing infants are able to roll in both directions - prone to supine and supine to prone by about …..
6 months of age
Typically developing infants usually begin using a radial palmar grasp - stabilizing with palm, first two fingers holding an object against the thumb - at about…..
6 months of age
Infants progress from using a radial palmar grasp to opposing the thumb to the pads of the index and middle fingers, referred to as a ….
radial digit grasp
Most infants will sit alone, with arms forward, propping on hands, using a wide base of support at about…
6 months of age
Most infants will sit erect and independently with hands free to reach, grasp, and play between …
8-9 months of age
Infants may begin to use a mature pincer grasp - pads of thumb and index finger) at about …
12 months of age
Important midline skills for infants include:
bringing hands to mouth, transferring toys hand to hand, using both hands to hold or explore an object
An infant may begin to respond playfully to their mirror image between
6-12 months of age
At about 8-9 months of age, infants begin to understand that an object exists even though it is hidden and cannot be seen. This is called
object permanence
Infants develop several gross motor skills necessary for play, mobility, and exploration such as sitting independently, moving in and out of sitting, and crawling on hands and knees - between …..
6-9 months
At what age do most infants independently finger feed small pieces of soft food and foods that melt quickly?
9 - 12 months
When do infants begin to take an active role with self feeding - holding their bottle with both hands, holding and mouthing large crackers or teething cookies, grasping and playing with a spoon?
6 - 9 months
Typically developing infants may try to scoop soft food and bring the spoon to mouth around ……, they usually master self-feeding with a spoon between ……
12 - 14 months
15 - 18 months
Most children are able to drink from a cup (no lid) by ….
24 months
Crawling on hands and knees is an important developmental phase to promote proximal stability (core, shoulder, hips), strength and stability of upper extremity joints, as well as ……
development of palmar arches and visual motor integration.
Children expand their ability to navigate indoor and outdoor environments - running, climbing, and walking up and downstairs (bringing feet together on each step) between …….
18-24 months
Important fine motor manipulation skills - holding a toy in each hand, using both hands to play (one to stabilize, one to manipulate), releasing items into different size containers, and stacking blocks - are achieved between ….
12 - 18 months
Between 9 - 12 months, most infants are able to pull to a standing position, and navigate a space by holding onto furniture and stepping in a side to side pattern. This is called …..
Cruising
An occupational therapist using an occupation-based approach to therapy for an 18-24-month-old with low muscle tone and limited core stability might coach parents to help their child participate in / practice: taking off socks and pants or spoon feeding?
Taking off socks and pants
An occupational therapist working with a foster family with an 11 month old infant who is malnourished, with limited feeding skills, will coach parents on strategies to help the baby with:
holding a bottle, eating soft foods fed from a spoon, and self feeding nutritious, safe finger foods
Providing opportunities for tummy time helps infants develop …..
extension against gravity (head, neck, trunk), shoulder stability (weight bearing on forearms), and weight shifting in a prone position (necessary for rolling and crawling)
The sensory environment, in utero, for a typically developing, full term infant provides …
unrestricted connection to the mother, flexible and supportive boundaries providing containment, opportunities for active movement against resistance without the pull of gravity, limited exposure / protection from to external stimuli (light, sound, uncomfortable touch)
What is the (invariable) progression of sensory system development in utero?
tactile, proprioceptive, vestibular, chemical, auditory, visual
While all sensory systems are capable of registering sensation at 20 weeks gestation; at what gestational age (GA), is the CNS sufficiently developed to process sensory input or organize protective responses?
30 weeks GA
