Typhus & Malaria Flashcards
3 types of Disease boundries
Anthroponoses - human to human
Zoonoses - animal to animal
Sapronoses- comes from a non-living environment
*disease can cross over different categories
Ecology
The relationship between organism to organisms and their invorment
historically they have played an imporant role in disease
direct and indirect transmission
Direct: when a disease is passed without an intermediate stage
Indirect: when there is a vector involved
What is a vector?
an intermediate organism that transfers the disease
Ancient malaria disease enviroment
-Hipocrates described recurring fevers, thought it came from drinking stangnant marsh water
During harvest time (fall) the stars would come out- bring fever and misery
people started to believe that it was the marshes itself that caused the disese, so they would drain them
Plasmodium vivax- common and wide spread, could withstand cold weather
Plasmodium falicparum - more severe but could not survive cold weather
malaria was seasonal: the disease was only spread during the wet months because thats when the marshes rose and the mosquitos could thrive
the anopholes mosquito liked salty salty brackish water, meaning they stayed close to the coastal areas
what is Ague
the fevers that came with malaria
Dragons
in the 14th century, there were stories about how dragons were associated with disease and epidemics
they blocked access to clean water and were a hazard
Saint Marcel- story about how he restored health by slaying a dragon and removing him from the water
people figured out that there were hazards in the environment that affected their health
Typhus (The war disease)
it arose in the 16th century
caused by rickettsia organisms: fleas, lice, ticks, chigger mites
the name came from hipocrates meaning (smoky and hazy) in refrence of symptoms of deleria and confusion of the infected
“jail fever” “ship fever”
where did typhus come from?
there was a Spanish war against the the moors over granada (south Spain)
the disease killed 17,000 out of 25,000 soldiers
Symptoms of typhus
Headache, fever, chills
Blotchy rashes (not on face, palms or soles)
delerium, confusion, death
30%-70% mortality when it came as an epidemic
those who survived gained immunity
Two form of Typhus
both caused by the Rickettsia organisms, one flea, one lice
Mutain typhus (older)
flea born typhus, hosted from animals to humans
Epidemic Typhus
caused by lice
when the lice feed by biting you, it casues irritaion and scratching which rubs in the rickettsia even more
Lice
dates way back to pompeii
bites your skin and feeds on blood
they lay eggs on clothing, and hatch in the next 7 days, have to feed 5 times a day to survive
the disease killed 10 million people
spread the epidemic typhus
30 years war
1618-1648
typhus was wose in the beginning half of the war, killed 100 million people
the disruption of war also brought disease into the people, they left their destroyed farms to go to the city
War living conditions
many mercenaries living and fighting together
not sanitary, no washing of clothes or bodies
health concern: did not have good nutrition
the typhus epidemics followed the armies
