Types of Toxins / Toxicants Flashcards
List reproductive toxins
- Drugs
- Radiation
- Infections
- Alcohol
- Toluene
- Cigarette smoking
What are teratogens?
Substances that cause birth defects in a developing embryo or fetus.
What are examples of teratogens?
- Thalidomide
- Accutane
- Alcohol
- Lead
- Mercury
What are different types of skin irritants?
- Chemical agents
- Physical agents
- Biological agents
List carcinogens
- Aflatoxins
- Arsenic
- Asbestos
- Benzene
- Beryllium
- Coal tars
- Ethylene oxide
- Formaldehyde
- Nickel compounds
- Radon
- Trichloroethylene
- Vinyl chloride
What are different harmful metals?
- Arsenic
- Beryllium
- Cadmium
- Chromium
- Cobalt
- Lead
- Manganese
- Mercury
- Nickel
- Tin
What are examples of organic metals?
- Tetraethyl lead
- Dimethyl mercury
- Dimethyl tin
What are examples of organic solvents?
- Carbon disulfide
- Benzene
- Toluene
- Xylene
- Pentane
- Hexane
- Methylene chloride
- Carbon tetrachloride
- Acetone
- Methyl isobutyl ketone
Organic solvents target what parts of the body?
- Nervous system
- Kidneys
- Liver
- Skin
- Bone marrow (benzene)
What are examples of neurotoxic substances?
- Solvents
- Alcohol
- Caffeine
- Organic materials
- Heavy metals
What are examples of nephrotoxic substances?
- Cadmium
- Carbon tetrachloride and chloroform metabolized to phosgene in kidneys
- Halogenated hydrocarbons
- Lead
- Tetraethyl lead
- Trichloroethylene
- Toluene
What are examples of hepatotoxic substances?
- Acetaminophen
- Alcohols
- Arsenic
- Carbon tetrachloride
- Vinyl chloride
What are examples of cardiovascular toxic substances?
- Aromatic solvents
- Carbon monoxide
- Chlorinated hydrocarbons
What is benzene?
The simplest aromatic hydrocarbon that is a carcinogen (leukemia)
What are benzene exposure routes?
Inhalation, skin absorption
How do dusts, mists, and fibers affect the lungs?
They impair the gas exchange function of the alveoli; damaged cells may develop cancer.
What are examples of biological pneumoconiosis?
- Cotton dust: byssinosis
- Moldy sugarcane: bagassosis
- Gum of acacia: printer’s asthma
What is asbestos?
The four types of asbestos are chyrsotile, amosite, crocodolite, and tremolite. Used in commercial fire insulation. Still used in brake manufacturing.
What are examples of simple asphyxiants?
They displace oxygen in the atmosphere.
- Nitrogen
- Argon
- Helium
What are examples of chemical asphyxiants?
They prevent oxygen from reaching the cells
- Carbon monoxide (CO)
- Cyanides
- Hydrogen sulfide
What are examples of organophosphates?
Parathion and malathion
How to organophosphates impact the body?
They interfere with cholinesterase. Causes erratic signals from nerve endings. Symptoms include twitching, weakness, tremors. May be reversible if treated quickly.
What are organochlorines?
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
What are characteristics of organophosphates?
- Stored in body fat
- Nonpolar, lipid soluble
- Hepatoxic, nephrotoxic, neurotoxic
What are the different types of alcohols?
- Methanol
- Ethanol
- Isopropyl alcohol
- Butyl alcohol
What are examples of halogens?
- Fluorine
- Chlorine
- Bromine
- Iodine
What are examples of common acids and bases?
- Sulfuric acid
- Nitric acid
- Hydrofluoric acid
- Sodium hydroxide
- Potassium hydroxide
- Calcium oxide
