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Y2 Research study notes > Types of research studies > Flashcards

Types of research studies Flashcards

1
Q

what is research?

A
  • a systematic activity that follows a clear process.
  • a critical investigation that aims to answer questions.
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2
Q

what is EBP?

A
  • Evidence based practice
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3
Q

what components make up EBP?

A
  • best research available
  • patient preferences and values
  • clinical experience & expertise
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4
Q

what is a systematic review?

A
  • a systematic review examines data and findings of OTHER authors, relative to a specific research question
  • a type of research methodology
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5
Q

what is QUANTitative research?

A
  • concerned with an AMOUNT
  • regards questions that can be answered with numerical data
  • looks for relationships/associations between different variables
  • can sometimes show causation
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6
Q

What is QUALitative research?

A
  • concerned with WHY
  • regards questions that can be answered with NON-numerical data
  • interested in people’s throughts/feelings/experiences
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7
Q

what is a synonym?

A

when two different words share the same or similair meaning, i.e., beautiful and pretty

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8
Q

what is truncation?

A

the action of cutting something short, i.e, if searching about sunshine, sun, sunny, sunlight- you could search sun alone, as all of the above share the same meaning roughly

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9
Q

what are research studies commonly called?

A

Studies or Papers

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10
Q

what are academic journals?

A

collections of lots of different papers on the same topic, reagrding the same field of study, e.g., Nurse Education Today, or BJN

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11
Q

what are academic databases?

A

large directories of content suhc as including articles, reports and scientific papers. e.g., CINAHL.

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12
Q

what is an abstract?

A

a breif summary of the entire paper

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13
Q

what are keywords?

A

keywords help your searc for relevant studies to your topics.

e.g., when searching for the elderly, relevant key words may be; dehydtration, falls risks, ageing population, etc.

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14
Q

what is an astericks and how can it be used to aid searches?

A
  • an asterisk is a “*”
  • it can be used as the end of words to find varations of that words in relevant studies, e.g.,

‘nurse*’ would search for articles containing the words; nurse, nursing, nurses, etc.

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15
Q

what is a variable? & examples

A
  • something that can be measured in some way

e.g., people/places/things/phenomenons

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16
Q

what is an independent variable?

A

a variable that stands alone and cannot be changed by other variables also being measured, e.g., someone’s AGE

17
Q

what is a dependent variable?

A

a variable which does depend on other variables being measured. dependent variables are EXPECTED to change as a result of the experimental manipulation of the independent variable(s).

E.g., test scores, as these could be changed depending on several factors; amount of sleep students got beforehand, how much you studied, exam conditions/enviroment

18
Q

what is causation?

A

causation means when one variable is dependent on the other. this is also known as cause and effect.

e.g., ‘does hot weather cause sunburns?’ - this question is asking if the hot weather is RESPONSIBLE for causing sunburns, NOT includuing other factors. Is hot weather THE CAUSATIVE AGENT?

19
Q

does quantitative research look for relationships BETWEEN variables?

A

Yes

  • Does excessive alcohol consumption LEAD to increased anxiety?
  • What DOSE of a BP drug causes a significant fall in BP?
20
Q

what is bias? and in research?

A

the inclincation of prejudice against one grouo or person, especially in a way considered to be unfair.

  • in research; the trend or deviation from the truth {in data collection, data analysis, interpretation and publication}, which can cause false accusations
21
Q

what does a study’s design refer to?

A
  • the particular way a study has been conducted
  • simply the blueprint/plan the researcher(s) will use to guide their research conduction
22
Q

what is a sample?

A

a specific portion of people from the population

23
Q

examples of ‘hard to reach groups’

A
  • drug users
  • homeless people
  • people who work full time/have young children (not a lot of time)
  • teen pregnant people
24
Q

what are probability sampling methods?

A
  • a sampling method that uses random selection methods. this means that everyone in a population has an equal chance of selection
  • these methods aim to increase the representativness of the sample, to enable generalisation of results
  • aim is to reduce bias and make samples as representative of population as possible
25
Q

what are the four approaches to probability sampling?

A
  • simple random; each member of the population has an equal probability of being chosen, e.g., picking names out a hat
  • cluster random
  • systematic random
  • stratified random
26
Q

what is convenience sampling?

A

refers to people becoming participants in a research study simply because they are convenient sources of data for the researchers

27
Q

a pro & con of conveience sampling?

A

PRO; easy access and collection of data

CON; high degree of bias as this sample neglects representation

28
Q

what is data?

A

data is the information collected in research

29
Q

what does it mean if a research study has ‘PROTOCOL’ in the title?

A
  • this is not the reearcher’s actual study, but a layout of what they intend on doing in future for their research
  • DO NOT USE THESE IN YOUR ESSAY
30
Q

when in-text citing, what should you remember to do?

A

use ‘Name’ and colleagues NOT et al. - this is more professional

31
Q

what is a case-report? - CANNOT USE IN ESSAY

A
  • detailed reports of an individual patient
  • written for numerous reasons, often to highlight something out of the ordinary
  • they are NOT RESEARCH as they are anecdotal (not necessarily true/reliable, but based on personal accounts)
  • no systematic process has been followed
32
Q

what is a case series? - CANNOT USE IN ESSAY

A
  • collection of case reports
  • descriptive and contain no comparison group
  • usually contain patients given similair treatment
  • can lead to significant breakthroughs
33
Q

what is expert opinion? - CANNOT USE IN ESSAY

A
  • a vague term
  • e.g., in editorials
  • contain little robust research evidence
34
Q

what are protocols? CANNOT BE USED IN ESSAYS

A
  • these detail research that is yet to occur
  • will explain how researchers intend on perfroming their research but will obviously therefore lack conclusions
35
Q

Key advice for essay

A
  • state what has happened
  • state your opinion (back up with reference
  • show RELEVANCE
36
Q

difference between population and sample?

A

population; the entire group you want to draw conclusions from

sample; the specific group of individuals that researchers will collect data from

37
Q

what is non-probability sampling?

A
  • where samples are selected based on subjective judgement, rather than random selection (like with probability sampling)
  • unlike in probability sampling, where everybody in a population has a chance of being selected, in non-prob, not all population members can participate
  • non-prob sampling is used when its not possible to draw a random sample due to cost and time

Y2 Research study notes (5 decks)

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