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Chemistry > Types of reactions - organic chemistry > Flashcards

Types of reactions - organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What types of reactions do alkenes undergo?

A

Catalytic hydrogenation
Hydration
Halogenation
Hydrogen halide substitution

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2
Q

Give the conditions for catalytic hydrogenation

A

150 degrees celcius

Ni catalyst

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3
Q

Give the conditions for hydration reactions

A

300 degrees celcius
H3PO4 catalyst
60 atm

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4
Q

Give the conditions for halogenation and the products

A

150 degrees celcius
Ni catayst
DIhaloalkanes

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5
Q

Give the reducing agent for the reduction of carbonyls and its simplified form, as well as how it is written in equations

A

NaBH4
H-
[H]

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6
Q

What are the conditions for the reduction of carbonyls?

A

NaBH4
Warm
Water

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7
Q

How many [H] needed to reduce a ketone and an aldehyde?

A

2

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8
Q

How many [O] needed to oxidise a primary alcohol and a secondary alcohol?

A

1 for aldehyde, 2 for carboxylic acid

1 for ketone

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9
Q

Write a reaction for the bromination of phenol

A

phenol + 3Br2 –> tribromophenol + 3HBr

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10
Q

Give 2 electron donating groups in benzene

A

OH or NH2

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11
Q

Give 1 electron withdrawing group in benzene

A

NO2

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12
Q

What is the mechanism for the formation of aliphatic amines? Why?

A

Nucleophilic substitution - an electron donating group attacks the C atom bonded to a halogen, breaking its bond and forming a dative covalent bond with the C atom - substitution

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13
Q

What conditions and reagents are needed to form a primary amine?

A

Haloalkane, EXCESS ammonia DISSOLVED IN ETHANOL

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14
Q

How can an aromatic amine be formed?

A

Tin catalyst, heat, reflux
nitroarene and conc HCl

C6H5NO2 + 6[H] –> C6H5NH2 + 2H2O

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15
Q

What kind of reaction do alkanes undergo?

A

Radical substitution

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16
Q

What are the conditions required for radical substitution?

A

UV light

17
Q

What kind of bond hydrolysis occurs in initiation in radical substitution

A

Homolytic fission

18
Q

What kind of reaction do alkenes undergo?

A

Electrophilic addition

19
Q

What kind of bond hydrolysis occurs in electrophilic addition?

A

Heterolytic fission

20
Q

What kind of reactions do benzene undergo?

A

acylation reactions

akylation reactions

21
Q

What are the conditions required for acylation reactions?

A

a halogen carrier catalyst - AlCl3
50 degrees celcius
reflux

22
Q

What are the conditions required for akylation reactions?

A

a halogen carrier catalyst - AlCl3
50 degrees celcius
reflux

23
Q

What conditions are required for the bromination of cyclohexene?

A

Ni catalyst

150 degres celcius

24
Q

Give 3 ways to form an ester

A

carboxylic acid + alcohol ester + water

alcohol + acid anhydride ester + carboxylic acid

alcohol + acyl chlorides –> ester + HCl

25
Q

What are the conditions for esterification?

A

conc H2SO4
heat
reflux

26
Q

Give 2 ways (based on their conditions) to hydrolyse an ester

A

Alkaline hydrolysis - dilute H2SO4 - need H2O, heat, reflux

Acid hydrolysis - warm, reflux, NaOH (aq)

27
Q

Give the 4 products that can be produced by acyl chlorides

A

Carboxylic acid
primary amine
secondary amine
ester

28
Q

Give the reaction used to produce an acyl chloride

A

Carboxylic acid + SOCl2 –> Acyl chloride + SO2 + HCl

29
Q

Give the reaction used to produce a carboxylic acid from an acyl chloride

A

acyl chloride + water –> carboxylic acid + HCl

30
Q

Give the reaction used to produce a primary amine from an acyl chloride

A

Acyl chloride +NH3 –> primary amine + HCl

31
Q

What kind of reactions do alcohols undergo?

A

Oxidation reactions
substitution
elimination reactions

32
Q

Give the conditions required for dehydration of an alcohol

A

requires heat, reflux, conc H2SO4

33
Q

Give the conditions required for substitution reactions in alcohols

A

Sodium halide, H2SO4, reflux, heat

34
Q

What kind of polymerisation reactions do alkenes undergo?

A

Addition polymerisation

35
Q

What kind of reactions do benzene undergo?

A

Electrophilic substitution

36
Q

What is an electrophile?

A

An electron pair acceptor. - attracted to electrons

37
Q

What is a nucleophile?

A

An electron pair donator - attracted to nucleus

38
Q

What kind of reactions do haloalkanes undergo?

A

Nucleophilic substitution reactions

39
Q

What conditions are required to substitute a halogen function group for an alcohol group?

A

NaOH (aq), heat, reflux

Chemistry (21 decks)

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