Types of reactions - organic chemistry

Question 1

What types of reactions do alkenes undergo?

Answer 1

Catalytic hydrogenation
Hydration
Halogenation
Hydrogen halide substitution

Question 2

Give the conditions for catalytic hydrogenation

Answer 2

150 degrees celcius

Ni catalyst

Question 3

Give the conditions for hydration reactions

Answer 3

300 degrees celcius
H3PO4 catalyst
60 atm

Question 4

Give the conditions for halogenation and the products

Answer 4

150 degrees celcius
Ni catayst
DIhaloalkanes

Question 5

Give the reducing agent for the reduction of carbonyls and its simplified form, as well as how it is written in equations

Answer 5

NaBH4
H-
[H]

Question 6

What are the conditions for the reduction of carbonyls?

Answer 6

NaBH4
Warm
Water

Question 7

How many [H] needed to reduce a ketone and an aldehyde?

Answer 7

2

Question 8

How many [O] needed to oxidise a primary alcohol and a secondary alcohol?

Answer 8

1 for aldehyde, 2 for carboxylic acid

1 for ketone

Question 9

Write a reaction for the bromination of phenol

Answer 9

phenol + 3Br2 –> tribromophenol + 3HBr

Question 10

Give 2 electron donating groups in benzene

Answer 10

OH or NH2

Question 11

Give 1 electron withdrawing group in benzene

Answer 11

NO2

Question 12

What is the mechanism for the formation of aliphatic amines? Why?

Answer 12

Nucleophilic substitution - an electron donating group attacks the C atom bonded to a halogen, breaking its bond and forming a dative covalent bond with the C atom - substitution

Question 13

What conditions and reagents are needed to form a primary amine?

Answer 13

Haloalkane, EXCESS ammonia DISSOLVED IN ETHANOL

Question 14

How can an aromatic amine be formed?

Answer 14

Tin catalyst, heat, reflux
nitroarene and conc HCl

C6H5NO2 + 6[H] –> C6H5NH2 + 2H2O

Question 15

What kind of reaction do alkanes undergo?

Answer 15

Radical substitution

Question 16

What are the conditions required for radical substitution?

Answer 16

UV light

Question 17

What kind of bond hydrolysis occurs in initiation in radical substitution

Answer 17

Homolytic fission

Question 18

What kind of reaction do alkenes undergo?

Answer 18

Electrophilic addition

Question 19

What kind of bond hydrolysis occurs in electrophilic addition?

Answer 19

Heterolytic fission

Question 20

What kind of reactions do benzene undergo?

Answer 20

acylation reactions

akylation reactions

Question 21

What are the conditions required for acylation reactions?

Answer 21

a halogen carrier catalyst - AlCl3
50 degrees celcius
reflux

Question 22

What are the conditions required for akylation reactions?

Answer 22

a halogen carrier catalyst - AlCl3
50 degrees celcius
reflux

Question 23

What conditions are required for the bromination of cyclohexene?

Answer 23

Ni catalyst

150 degres celcius

Question 24

Give 3 ways to form an ester

Answer 24

carboxylic acid + alcohol ester + water

alcohol + acid anhydride ester + carboxylic acid

alcohol + acyl chlorides –> ester + HCl

Question 25

What are the conditions for esterification?

Answer 25

conc H2SO4 heat reflux

Question 26

Give 2 ways (based on their conditions) to hydrolyse an ester

Answer 26

Alkaline hydrolysis - dilute H2SO4 - need H2O, heat, reflux | Acid hydrolysis - warm, reflux, NaOH (aq)

Question 27

Give the 4 products that can be produced by acyl chlorides

Answer 27

Carboxylic acid primary amine secondary amine ester

Question 28

Give the reaction used to produce an acyl chloride

Answer 28

Carboxylic acid + SOCl2 --> Acyl chloride + SO2 + HCl

Question 29

Give the reaction used to produce a carboxylic acid from an acyl chloride

Answer 29

acyl chloride + water --> carboxylic acid + HCl

Question 30

Give the reaction used to produce a primary amine from an acyl chloride

Answer 30

Acyl chloride +NH3 --> primary amine + HCl

Question 31

What kind of reactions do alcohols undergo?

Answer 31

Oxidation reactions substitution elimination reactions

Question 32

Give the conditions required for dehydration of an alcohol

Answer 32

requires heat, reflux, conc H2SO4

Question 33

Give the conditions required for substitution reactions in alcohols

Answer 33

Sodium halide, H2SO4, reflux, heat

Question 34

What kind of polymerisation reactions do alkenes undergo?

Answer 34

Addition polymerisation

Question 35

What kind of reactions do benzene undergo?

Answer 35

Electrophilic substitution

Question 36

What is an electrophile?

Answer 36

An electron pair acceptor. - attracted to electrons

Question 37

What is a nucleophile?

Answer 37

An electron pair donator - attracted to nucleus

Question 38

What kind of reactions do haloalkanes undergo?

Answer 38

Nucleophilic substitution reactions

Question 39

What conditions are required to substitute a halogen function group for an alcohol group?

Answer 39

NaOH (aq), heat, reflux