Types of Reactions Flashcards
Substitution
- Replace one atom with another
- Hydrogen or functional group is replaced
Alkane: H
Alcohol: OH
Alkyl Halide: Halogen
Benzene: H
Addition
- Requires the presence of alkene or alkyne
- Two atoms add across the double bond
- Increases saturation
Elimination
- Creates carbon double bond (two atoms are removed to form double bond)
- Must be removed from separate carbons
- Alcohols & Alkyl Halides
Oxidation
- Addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen
- Compound reacts with oxidizing agent (KMnO4 & K2CrO7)]
- Symbol used is [O]
Reduction
- Addition of hydrogen or removal of oxygen
- Compound reacts w/ reducing agent (LiAlH4)
- Symbol is [H]
Families: Aldehydes, Ketones, Acids, Alkynes, Alkenes
Alkane + X2
Halogen alkane + HX
Catalyst for Alkane reactions
Heat or UV light
Order for balancing
- metals
- non-metals
- carbon
- hydrogen
- oxygen
Alkene and Alkyne Reactions are
Addition Reactions:
Hydrogenation, Halogenation, Hydrohalogenation, Hydration
Hydrogenation formula
Alkene + H2 -(heat)> Alkane
Halogenation formula
Alkene + Halogen -(RT)> halogen alkane
Hydrohalogenation formula
Alkene + hydrogen halide -(RT)> halogen alkane
Hydration formula
Alkene + water -(H+)> alcohol
Benzene reactions are
Substitution Reactions:
Halogenation, Nitration, Alkylation
Benzene halogenation formula
Benzene + halogen -(AlCl3/FeCl3)> Aryl halide (halogen benzene)
all halogens are meta directors
Nitration formula
Benzene + HNO3 -(H2SO4)> nitrobenzene
Alkylation formula
Benzene + alkyl halide -> alkyl benzene + HX
Alkyl Halide reactions are
Substitution Reactions:
with water, with ammonia
Elimination Reaction
Alkyl halide substitution with water
Halogen alkane + OH- -(water)> alcohol
(R-X + H2O -> R-OH + HX)
Substitution with ammonia
Halogen alkane + ammonia -(ethanol)> amine + HX
Alkyl Halide Elimination
Halogen alkane + OH- -(base)> alkene
- H-X are both eliminated
Ether reactions are
Addition Reactions:
w/ hydrogen halides, w/ water
Ethers addition with hydrogen halides
Ethers + HX -(Br,I)> halogen alkane + alcohol
Condensation
- Two molecules combine to form a single molecule
- Water is normally produced (dehydration reaction)
Ethers addition with water
Ethers + H2O -(H+)> alcohol + alcohol
(hydrolysis)
Alcohol reactions are
Substitution reactions
Elimination reactions
Condensation reactions
Oxidation reactions
Alcohol substitution reaction
Alcohols + halogen acid -(Br,Cl)> halogen alkane
Alcohol elimination reaction
Alcohols in the presence of a catalyst (H2SO4)-> alkene
Alcohol Condensation reaction w/ alcohol
Alcohol + alcohol -(H+)> ether + water
Alcohol condensation reaction w/ acid
Alcohol + acid -(H+)> ester + H2O
Alcohol oxidation
1º Alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes
2º Alcohols are oxidized to ketones
3º Alcohols are not oxidized
Agents - KMnO4: Potassium permanganate & K2Cr2O7 Potassium dichromate
Aldehyde reactions are
Oxidation reactions
Reduction reactions
Aldehyde oxidation
Aldehydes are oxidized to acids
Aldehyde reduction
Aldehydes are reduced to 1º alcohols
Ketone reactions are
Oxidation reactions - no reactions
Reduction reactions
Ketone reduction
Ketones are reduced to 2º alcohols
Catalysts: H2 & Pt
Acid reactions are
Condensation reactions
Acid + alcohol, acid + amine
Reduction reactions
Acid condensation reactions w/ alcohols
Acid + alcohol -(H+)> ester + H2O
Acid condensation reactions w/ amines
Acid + amine -(H+)> amide + water
Acid reduction
Acid -[H]> reduced to aldehydes
can be further reduced to 1ª alcohol
Ester reactions
Hydrolysis
Ester Hydrolysis
Ester + H2O -(H+)> acid + alcohol
Amine reactions
Condensation reactions
Substitution reactions
Amines condensation
Amines + acid -(H+)> amide + water
Amines substitution
1º amine + alkyl halide -> 2º amine
2º amine + alkyl halide -> 3º amine
Amides reactions
Hydrolysis
Amide Hydrolysis
Amide + water -(H+)> amine + acid
